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Showing papers on "Brine published in 1988"


01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived equations for determining the brine and gas content of sea ice for high temperatures (range 0 to -2 °C) and low salinities.
Abstract: Based on the well known sea ice phase diagram, equations are derived for determining the brine and gas content of sea Ice for high temperatures (range 0 to -2 °C) and low salinities. The presently widely used equations of Cox and Weeks (1982) are valid only for temperatures below -2°C. Fresh-water ice is used as a boundary condition for the equations. The relative salt concentrations in brine are_assumed to be the same as in normal (or standard) seawater. Two sets of equations are presented: 1) accurate formulae based on UNESCO standard sea water equations, and 2) approximate formulae based on general properties of weak solutions. The approximate formulae are not essentially different from the classical system which basically assumes the freezing point to be a linear function of fractional salt content. The agreement between the two approaches is excellent and the approximate system is good enough for most applications.

174 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors numerically modeled the possible dynamics of brine-density flow induced by solute concentration gradients; and thermal convection induced by temperature gradients, around hypothetical salt domes.

70 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the performance of a tubular solar still for nocturnal production was made based on the effect of brine flow rate, still length, initial brine temperature and other system and climatic parameters.

67 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a wide range of isotopes in the 238U, 235U, and 232Th decay chains were measured in geothermal brines collected from two production zones at 1898 and 3220 m in the Salton Sea Scientific Drilling Project well.
Abstract: A wide range of isotopes in the 238U, 235U, and 232Th decay chains was measured in geothermal brines collected from two production zones at 1898 and 3220 m in the Salton Sea Scientific Drilling Project well. High concentrations of radium, radon, and lead isotopes are generated and maintained by the input of these isotopes from solid phases into brine by both recoil and leaching processes, by the high chloride content of the brine which complexes radium and lead, and by the apparent absence of suitable unoccupied adsorption sites. In contrast, uranium, thorium, actinium, bismuth, and polonium isotopes all have low concentrations due to their efficient sorption from brine to rock. Measurements of short-lived isotopes in these decay series yield insights regarding the mechanisms controlling radioisotope exchange, and they permit estimation of rates of brine-rock interaction. For example, the 228Ac/228Ra activity ratio of 0.2 in brines indicates that the mean residence time of actinium in solution before sorption onto solid surfaces is less than 2.5 hours. If molecular diffusion to fracture walls limits the rate of actinium sorption, the maximum width of the larger fractures in which sampled brine resides is 1–2 cm. However, the mean width of fractures must be only 1–2 µm, in order to account for the recoil input of 223Ra. The ratios of radium isotopes in the brine provide information about the mechanisms of recoil and leaching in transferring radium from rock to brine. Brine/rock concentration ratios [(dpm/g)b/(dpm/g)r] of radium isotopes increase with increasing half-life, so that 223Ra (11 days) = 0.05–0.09, 228Ra (5.8 years) = 0.26–0.40, 226Ra (1600 years) = 0.45–0.97. Two mechanisms could explain this dependence on half-life: (1) input of radium by the alpha recoil process occurs in microfractures and pore spaces, but the rate of diffusion down microfractures is so slow that it diminishes the effect of recoil input of the shorter-lived isotopes to the larger fractures where the brine sampled resides, or (2) weathering and leaching of radium from solid phases occurs on time scales comparable to the half-lives of 228Ra and 226Ra. The second mechanism is more likely because the 212Pb/224Ra activity ratios are within 20% of the value predicted by a simple recoil model with negligible adsorption, indicating that recoil input of 212Pb (10.6-hour half-life) is not limited by diffusion. This model permits the rates of chemical exchange between brine and rock to be estimated. These rates indicate the mean residence times of lead and radium in solution are about 30 years, and the residence time of radium in associated solid phases is about 2000 years. The estimated uncertainty in these residence times is about a factor of 2.

47 citations


Patent
16 Sep 1988
TL;DR: In this article, a modified liquid phase drilling fluid has been proposed which exhibits performance characteristics approaching those of oil base drilling fluids, without the objectionable properties of hydrocarbon oils or its potential hazardous impact on the environment.
Abstract: The present invention provides a modified liquid phase drilling fluid having desirable properties of shale swelling inhibition, lubrication, and high temperature performance. The fluid does not rely on the incorporation of inorganic salts or high molecular weight water soluble polymers for control of shale swelling or shale disintegration and exhibits performance characteristics, approaching those of oil base drilling fluids, without the objectionable properties of hydrocarbon oils or its potential hazardous impact on the environment. The fluid is comprised of the following: (1) a liquid phase containing: (a) a water phase comprising fresh water, seawater, brine, simulated brine, or mixtures thereof; and (b) a water-soluble component selected from the class consisting of polyhydric alcohols, glycol, glycol ethers, polypropylene glycols, polyethylene glycols, ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers ("EO-PO"), alcohol-initiated EO-PO copolymers and/or mixtures thereof, the ratio of said water-soluble component in the total liquid phase being from about 5% to about 50% by volume; (2) a viscosifier for suspension of solids in said liquid phase; and (3) a filtration control agent. The fluid with the water soluble component will exhibit a lubricity coefficient lower than that for substantially the same fluid without the water soluble component as determined by the American Petroleum Institute's "Procedure for Determination of Lubricity Coefficient (Tentative)" (1980), and the linear swelling on a reconstituted "gumbo" shale inserted for about 60 minutes of said drilling fluid being from lower than that for substantially the same fluid without the water soluble component, as measured by the "Swelling Test", "Rigsite Shale Evaluation Techniques for Control of Shale-related Wellbore Instability Problems", SPE/IADC Paper No. 16054, pages 52-53, (1987).

35 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The chemical compositions of 24 selected brine samples from the gas and oil-bearing “Clinton” sandstones of eastern Ohio can be attributed to mixing of two components in the subsurface as mentioned in this paper.

34 citations


PatentDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a process for using siliceous sludge (filter cake), obtained by precipitation of silica from silica-rich geothermal brine, to make a concrete material (geocrete) is provided.

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the surfactant properties usually required for EOR with alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS's), particularly at high temperature, salinity, and hardness, together with their solubility in brine, chemical stability, phase behavior, and adsorption.
Abstract: The surfactant properties usually required for EOR are investigated with alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS's), particularly at high temperature, salinity, and hardness, together with their solubility in brine, chemical stability, phase behavior, and adsorption. The use of a cosolvent enables aqueous solutions to be prepared with concentrated brine, even at high divalent cation levels. But the chemical stability of some solutions can be affected by their sensitivity to the oxidation of unsaturated components, resulting in a decrease of the pH. Precautionary measures to stabilize the solutions are stressed-i.e., aneorobic environment, maintenance of an alkaline pH, or addition of alcohol. As already shown, these surfactants provide low interfacial tensions (IFT's) and high solubilization parameters at high salinity and divalent cation content. Properties of optimal formulations have been investigated as a function of surfactant and cosolvent molecular weight and brine composition. Adsorption data on Na/sup -/ and Ca/sup -/ kaolinite are presented. In NaCl solutions, the amount of sulfonate adsorbed increases slightly with salinity. Preliminary measurements in hard water are shown to bring out the specific effect of calcium ions. According to the results concerning properties validly considered as screening criteria, we conclude that this family of sulfonates appears to be a potential candidatemore » for EOR.« less

30 citations


Patent
23 Jun 1988
TL;DR: In this article, a process for the preparation of pure magnesium oxide, especially suitable for preparation of refractory products, from magnesium silicate and magnesium hydrosilicate materials such as olivine, serpentine, garnierite, or the like, is described.
Abstract: A process for the preparation of pure magnesium oxide, especially suitable for the preparation of refractory products, from magnesium silicate and magnesium hydrosilicate materials such as olivine, serpentine, garnierite, or the like, the starting material being decomposed (digested) with hydrochloric acid, the residues being separated from the decomposition slurry and the sesquioxides to be regarded as contaminants and other contaminants being precipitated from the crude brine thus obtained by the addition of crude serpentine as a pH increasing substance, the precipitates being separated and the magnesium chloride solution thus obtained being subjected to thermal decomposition, particularly by spray calcination, whereby magnesium oxide is obtained and hydrogen chloride is recovered.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, basic equations governing the transport of species by concentrated brine flowing through an aggregated porous medium are developed, where the medium is considered to be composed of porous rock aggregates separated by macropores through which the brine flows and transport of salt and low-concentration species takes place.
Abstract: Basic equations governing the transport of species by concentrated brine flowing through an aggregated porous medium are developed. Some simple examples are solved numerically. The medium is considered to be composed of porous rock aggregates separated by ‘macropores’ through which the brine flows and transport of salt and low-concentration species takes place. The aggregates contain dead-end pores, cracks, and stationary pockets collectively called ‘micropores’. The micropore space does not contribute to the flow, but it serves as a storage for salt and species. Adsorption of fluid species takes place at internal surface of aggregates where it is assumed that a linear equilibrium isotherm describes the process. The effects of high salt concentrations are accounted for in the brine density relation, the viscosity relation, Darcy's and Fick's laws, and the rate of mass transfer between macropores and micropores. Mass balance equations, supplemented by extended forms of Darcy's and Fick's laws, are employed to arrive at two sets of equations. One set consists of seven coupled equations for the salt mass fraction and fluid density in macropores, salt mass fraction in micropores, fluid velocity vector, and the fluid pressure. The other set consists of two coupled equations to be solved for the mass fractions of low-concentration species in micropores and macropores. Based on these equations, a mathematical model called TORISM is developed. Using this model, the potential significance of modifications to Darcy's Law are demonstrated.

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1988-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, a pyrolysis/mass spectrometry was carried out on a high-chlorine coal and on this coal after being washed free of chloride and treated with chlorine gas and with sodium chloride solution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The idea that salt was uniformly "dry" was revised when exploratory drilling in the vicinity of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico encountered brines within the Castile Formation, an evaporite deposit below the Salado Formation as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The National Academy of Science committee that considered geologic disposal of nuclear waste in the mid-1950s recommended salt as a repository medium, partly because of its high thermal conductivity and because it was believed to be “dry” (perhaps the appropriate thought is “impermeable”). Certainly, the fact that Paleozoic salt deposits exist in many parts of t h e world is evidence for very low rates of dissolution by moving groundwater. The fact that the dissolution rates were so small led many scientists to the conclusion that the salt beds were nearly impermeable. The major source of brine within the salt beds was thought to be fluid inclusions within salt crystals, which could migrate through differential solution toward a source of high heat. The idea that salt was uniformly “dry” was revised when exploratory drilling in the vicinity of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico encountered brines within the Castile Formation, an evaporite deposit below the Salado Formation. The brine reservoirs were thought to be isolated pockets of brine in an otherwise “impermeable” salt section.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first flow test of the State 2-14 well, also known as the Salton Sea Scientific drill hole, produced fluid from a depth of 1865-1877 m at a reservoir temperature of 305° ± 5°C.
Abstract: The December 29–30, 1985, flow test of the State 2–14 well, also known as the Salton Sea Scientific drill hole, produced fluid from a depth of 1865–1877 m at a reservoir temperature of 305° ± 5°C. Another flow test at a depth of 3170 m produced brine contaminated by drilling fluid and diesel oil. Therefore we focus on the first flow test. Samples were collected at five different flashing pressures. The brines are Na-Ca-K-Cl-type waters with very high metal and low SO4 and HCO3 contents. Compositions of the flashed brines were normalized relative to the 25°C densities of the solutions, and an ionic charge balance was achieved by adjusting the Na concentration. The composition of the preflashed reservoir fluid was calculated using enthalpy-chloride relations applied to the normalized and charge-balanced brines. The calculated total dissolved solids in the preflashed reservoir fluid ranges from about 24.8 wt %, assuming insignificant thermal losses from the erupting fluid before sampling, to 26.0 wt %, assuming a 10% enthalpy loss by conduction of thermal energy through casing and surface piping. The preferred total dissolved solids of the reservoir fluid is 25.05 wt %. The calculated specific density of the preflashed reservoir fluid at 305°C and 1870 m depth ranges from 0.9980 (no thermal loss prior to sampling) to 1.0107 ± 0.0023 g cm−3 (10% thermal loss). Of the various cation geothermometers that are now in common use, the Na-K-Ca method gives a temperature (310°C) closest to the measured temperature (305°C) in the production horizon. Calculated Na/K geothermometer temperatures, using equations suggested by different investigators, range from 326° to 364°C. The Mg/K2 method gives a temperature of about 350°C, Mg/Li2 about 282°, and Na/Li 395°–418°C.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, sulfur and oxygen isotopic compositions of dissolved sulfate from a vertical water profile in the anoxic, hypersaline Orca Basin provide important constraints upon the provenance of the sulfate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the melting of artificial ices of known composition were melted under laboratory conditions to monitor shifts in the relative ionic composition of meltwaters, and a simple mathematical model was examined using a simple two component behaviour.

Patent
09 Dec 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, a high density brine useful as a drilling fluid for deep wells is rendered corrosion resistant by the incorporation of a soluble aliphatic or aromatic aldehyde with or without olefinic unsaturation.
Abstract: A high density brine useful as a drilling fluid for deep wells is rendered corrosion resistant by the incorporation of a soluble aliphatic or aromatic aldehyde with or without olefinic unsaturation and with the use of alkali metal thiocyanates or ammonium thiocyanates. The aldehyde can be reacted with a primary amine prior to use.

Patent
14 Jul 1988
TL;DR: In this article, a method of freezing vital body fluids for storage and later use is described, which includes the steps of preparing a brine including a cruciferous oil, cooling the brine, providing a heat transfer container having a vital body fluid therein and subjecting the heat-transfer container to a heat-relationship with the cooled brine for a period of time.
Abstract: A method of freezing vital body fluids for storage and later use is provided. The method includes the steps of preparing a brine including a cruciferous oil, cooling the brine, providing a heat transfer container having a vital body fluid therein and subjecting the heat transfer container to a heat transfer relationship with the cooled brine for a period of time sufficient to freeze the vital body fluid in the heat transfer container.

Patent
Rocco DiFoggio1
04 Mar 1988
TL;DR: In this article, a desiccant container at the top of a soxhlet tower beneath the cold finger is used to capture any brine or water and thus, separate the brine and water from the oil and/or solvent which remain in the extraction chamber at the bottom of the tower.
Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided to extract oil and brine fluids from a representative porous sample. The petrophysical properties of these extracted oil and brine fluids may be determined by conventional or other testing methods. The oil fluids and brine fluids are separated from each other by separate distillation and condensation, and by removing the solvent from the oil fluids. The amounts of oil and brine fluids from the sample may then be separately determined. The apparatus uses a desiccant container at the top of a soxhlet tower beneath the cold finger (which condenses the solvent gases that have been evaporated) in a pressure soxhlet extractor to capture any brine or water and thus, separate the brine or water from the oil and/or solvent which remain in the soxhlet extraction chamber at the bottom of the soxhlet tower.

01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present reservoir description, treatment design and execution, and pretreatment and posttreatment analyses of a well completed in Yugoslavia, and chemical aspects of calcium sulfate (CaSO{sub 4}) scale dissolution by Na-sub 4} EDTA are also given.
Abstract: This paper presents reservoir description, treatment design and execution, and pretreatment and posttreatment analyses of a well completed in Yugoslavia. Chemical aspects of calcium sulfate (CaSO{sub 4}) scale dissolution by Na{sub 4} EDTA are also given.


Patent
18 Jul 1988
TL;DR: In this article, an ice-making machine for producing fine particles of ice in a brine solution is described, and means for directing ice from the machine to either a vessel containing brine solutions or to a catch of fish.
Abstract: An apparatus for cooling fish on board a ship is provided. This apparatus includes an ice-making machine for producing fine particles of ice in a brine solution. Coupled to this ice-making machine are means for directing ice from the machine to either a vessel containing brine solution or to a catch of fish. A method of cooling fish comprising producing a slurry of fine particles in brine solution in an ice-making zone and directing the fine ice particles onto either a catch of fish or into a vessel containing brine solution is also provided.

Patent
29 Feb 1988
TL;DR: In this article, a process and apparatus is provided for reducing the concentration of fine, residual solids still remaining suspended in clarified geothermal brine overflow from a primary brine clarification stage.
Abstract: A process and apparatus is provided for reducing the concentration of fine, residual solids still remaining suspended in clarified geothermal brine overflow from a primary brine clarification stage in which hot, flashed, silica-rich geothermal brine, containing suspended siliceous material, is gravity separated, comprises flowing the brine overflow from the primary clarification stage into a closed secondary clarifier vessel having an internal reaction well. Capacity of the secondary clarifier vessel provides a brine residence time in the vessel of between about 45 and about 150 minutes, the brine residence time in the reaction well being between about 10 and about 20 minutes. Brine in the vessel is blanketed with steam flashed from the brine to exclude air from the vessel. In the reaction well, the brine is contacted with a flocculating agent, such as a cationic, anionic, or non-ionic polyacrylamide having a molecular weight of at least about 1 million, in an amount of between about 0.25 and about 2 parts per million. An underflow slurry of flocculated siliceous solids and brine is discharged from the bottom of the vessel. An amount of such underflow slurry is recirculated back into the reaction well to cause the solids concentration in the well to be between about 0.5 and about 3 weight percent. A secondarily clarified brine overflow from the secondary clarifier vessel has a concentration of fine, siliceous material remaining suspended therein that is substantially reduced over the concentration of such material suspended in the brine overflow from the primary clarification stage.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the corrosion fatigue behavior of alloy 600 was studied as a function of applied potential and heat treatment in high-salinity brine (4 M NaCl) in the absence and presence of low concentrations (10−4 M) of sodium tetrathionate and sodium thiosulfate.
Abstract: The corrosion fatigue behavior of alloy 600 was studied as a function of applied potential and heat treatment in high-salinity brine (4 M NaCl) in the absence and presence of low concentrations (10−4 M) of sodium tetrathionate and sodium thiosulfate. It was found that the corrosion fatigue resistance of the solution-annealed material in pure chloride solution decreased by increasing the applied potential from −900 mVSCE (cathodic range) to −400 mVSCE (passive range) and to −100 mVSCE (above the pitting potential). The corrosion fatigue resistance was improved by heat treatment of the solution-annealed (SA) material at 800 C for 10 and 50 h. This improvement is attributed to the intergranular precipitation of chromium carbides. The addition of tetrathionate to the chloride solution did not change the fatigue life of the SA material with respect to that in pure chloride solution, while the addition of thiosulfate improved the corrosion fatigue resistance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a case study of the first attempt to solve the volume change problem by designing and constraining a brine-resistant shallow-pond liner.
Abstract: The containment of brine in shallow ponds is one of the most serious problems facing waste-management engineers today. Brine waste is produced in many mining and processing operations. It is characterized by high salt concentrations which may seriously contaminate groundwater if not successfully contained. However, brine reacts chemically with clays used in liner construction. As brine permeates the liner, physicochemical interactions between the clay and brine lead to a reduction in volume of the liner. This shrinkage may cause cracking of the liner and the creation of a highly fractured permeable macrostructure.Numerous techniques have been tried to find an effective and economical method of containing brine. Some of these techniques have involved the use of soil, concrete, asphalt, and synthetic liners. However, all of these techniques have major deficiencies in either cost or effectiveness. This paper presents a case study of the first attempt to solve the volume change problem by designing and constr...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The kinetic results of corrosion experiments of glass R7T7 in brine 2 (high Mg and Ca concentrations) and brine 3 (high Na, low Ca concentrations, no Ca) in this paper were similar to those reported for the corrosion in BRIN, and further support is lent to the idea that corrosion can be described by a transient process that depends on the Si concentration in solution (prior to arriving at steady state Si concentration) and another one where this dependence vanishes or becomes small (after constant Si concentration is reached).
Abstract: The kinetic results of corrosion experiments of glass R7T7 in brine 2 (high Mg and Ca concentrations) and brine 3 (high Na, low Ca concentrations) in this study are similar to those reported for the corrosion in brine 1 (high Mg concentration, no Ca) in [1]. Further support is lent to the idea that corrosion can be described, by a transient process that depends on the Si concentration in solution (prior to arriving at steady state Si concentration) and another one where this dependence vanishes or becomes small (after constant Si concentration is reached). This is analogous to what is known about corrosion of glass R7T7 and of other glasses in deionized water [4].

01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, partial pressures of HCl in steam over aqueous HCl solutions were used to calculate distribution coefficients for HCl, and reservoir liquid Cl concentrations capable of generating steam with observed Cl concentrations were then calculated as a function of pH and temperatures from 250 to 350o C.
Abstract: Chloride (Cl) concentrations of 10-120 ppm{sub w} have been measured in superheated steam produced by wells at The Geysers, a vapor-dominated geothermal field in northern California. Corrosion of the well casing and steam-gathering system has been recognized in some parts of The Geysers, and is apparently related to the presence of Cl. Cl in the steam is in a volatile form, generated with the steam at reservoir temperatures, and probably travels to the wellhead as HCl gas. Published experimental data for partial pressures of HCl in steam over aqueous HCl solutions and for dissociation constants of HCl were used to calculate distribution coefficients for HCl. Reservoir liquid Cl concentrations capable of generating steam with the observed Cl concentrations were then calculated as a function of pH and temperatures from 250 to 350o C. Equilibrium mineral/liquid reactions with the K-mica and K-feldspar assemblage found in the wells limit the reservoir liquid pH values at various Cl concentrations to about 5 to 6 (near neutral at 250 to 350o C). Within this pH range, liquid at 250o C could not produce steam containing the high Cl concentrations observed. However, liquid at higher temperatures (300 to 350o C) with chloride concentrations greater than more » 10,000 ppm{sub w} could generate steam with 10 to over 200 ppm{sub w} Cl. There is a positive correlation between pH and the chloride concentrations required to generate a given Cl concentration in steam. The concentration of Cl in superheated steam constrains not only the reservoir liquid composition, but the temperature at which the steam last equilibrated with liquid. « less

Patent
20 Oct 1988
TL;DR: In this article, a device for controlling the salt feed rate in the regeneration of water softening systems, e.g. for dishwashers, using a water reservoir, from which, during the regeneration, water passes via a controllable valve into a brine-filled vessel and, as a result, an equal amount of brine is displaced from this vessel into an ion exchanger.
Abstract: Device for controlling the salt feed rate in the regeneration of water softening systems, e.g. for dishwashers, using a water reservoir, from which, during the regeneration, water passes via a controllable valve into a brine-filled vessel and, as a result, an equal amount of brine is displaced from this vessel into an ion exchanger. The brine concentration is determined by a sensor, e.g. a float, in a manner known per se and the amount of water removed from the reservoir is controlled in dependence on the value determined.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the ice penetration and icemelting characteristics of seven commercially available chemical deicers that were tested at temperatures ranging from 0 deg F to 25 deg F are examined.
Abstract: The ice-penetration and ice-melting characteristics of seven commercially available chemical deicers that were tested at temperatures ranging from 0 deg F to 25 deg F are examined in this paper. The materials tested included four discrete deicing chemicals and three blends: sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, urea, sodium chloride with traces of carboxymethylcellulose, a sodium chloride/potassium blend, and a sodium chloride/urea blend. The ice penetration tests were conducted using a Plexiglas (trademark) dish containing a 1/8-in.-thick layer of ice. Deicers were placed on the ice surface at a selected rate. Melt brine was collected, measured, and reintroduced periodically with a syringe. The extensive data base resulting from the tests was used to compare the several classes of deicers with regard to their ability to melt and penetrate ice as a function of time and temperature, to establish lower temperature limits for deicer use, and to relate observed behavior to chemical and thermochemical properties of deicers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a method based on the exchange between calcium ions and Mg(EDTA) is proposed to enchance the sensitivity for calcium, which is measured by difference.

Patent
19 Jul 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for the substantial removal of calcium or other divalent ions from natural or industrial brines containing high levels of another ion comprising adjusting the pH of the brine to an alkaline pH of 9 to 11 with an alkaline material, and contacting for at least 5 minutes with an ion exchanger consisting essentially of a hydrous oxide selected from hydrous oxides of zirconium, titanium, tin, molybdenum, tungsten, thorium, niobium or tantalum and mixed hydrous Oxides of these aforementioned
Abstract: A process for the substantial removal of calcium or other divalent ions from natural or industrial brines containing high levels of another ion comprising (a) adjusting the pH of the brine to an alkaline pH of 9 to 11 with an alkaline material; and (b) contacting the brine for at least 5 minutes with an ion exchanger consisting essentially of a hydrous oxide selected from hydrous oxides of zirconium, titanium, tin, molybdenum, tungsten, thorium, niobium or tantalum and mixed hydrous oxides of these aforementioned metals at a temperature between ambient and about the boiling point of the brine being treated.