Showing papers on "Brine published in 1995"

The partitioning of copper between silicate melts and two-phase aqueous fluids: An experimental investigation at 1 kbar, 800¡ C and 0.5 kbar, 850¡ C

Abstract: Experiments were performed in the three phase system high-silica rhyolite melt+low-salinity aqueous vapor+hydrosaline brine, to investigate the partitioning equilibria for copper in magmatic-hydrothermal systems at 800° C and 1 kbar, and 850° C and 0.5 kbar. Daqm/mlt Cu and apparent equilibrium constants, Kaqm/mlt Cu,Na, between the aqueous mixture (aqm=quenched vapor+brine) and the silicate melt (mlt) are calculated. Daqm/mlt Cu increases with increasing aqueous chloride concentration and is a function of pressure. Kaqm/mlt Cu,Na=215(±73) at 1 kbar and 800° C and Kaqm/mlt Cu,Na=11(±6) at 0.5 kbar and 850°C. Decreasing pressure from 1 to 0.5 kbar lowers Kaqm/mlt Cu,Na by a factor of approximately 20. Data revealed no difference in Kaqm/mlt Cu,Na or Daqm/mlt Cu as a function of the melt aluminium saturation index. Within the 2-phase field the Kaqm/mlt Cu,Na show no variation with total aqueous chloride, indicating that copper-sodium exchange between the vapor, brine and silicate melt is independent of the mass proportion of vapor and brine. Model copper-sodium apparent equilibrium constants for the hydrosaline brine and the silicate melt revealed a negative dependence on pressure. Model apparent equilibrium constants for copper-sodium exchange between the brine and vapor were close to unity at 1 kbar and 800° C.

Geochemical Differentiation of Oil and Gas Brine from Other Saltwater Sources Contaminating Water Resources: Case Studies from Kansas and Oklahoma

Abstract: Many salinity sources other than petroleum brines have caused salinization of water resources in oil and gas fields. These include natural saltwaters from dissolution of evaporites, formation waters not associated with petroleum production, salinization of water by evapotranspiration concentration, seawater intrusion, salt mine wastes, dissolved salt used for deicing and conventional water softeners, waste leachates, and chemicals such as hydrochloric acid. Correct differentiation of these saltwater sources is necessary for application of appropriate remediation, protection, and management actions. Methods are presented that more clearly differentiate saltwater sources than previously used procedures. Conservative mixing relationships for freshwaters and suspected sources can be used to identify salinity sources and estimate chloride concentration contributions from multiple sources. The methods found most useful involve examination of changes in Br/Cl and SO4/Cl ratios with increasing chloride concentration relative to conservative mixing curves. Bromide and chloride are generally the most conservative constituents dissolved in water and often provide the most conclusive identification. Sulfate and chloride are also relatively conservative in most water resource systems, although the effects of calcium sulfate precipitation and dissolution should be considered in instances such as evapotranspiration concentration. Comparison of observed Na/Cl and (Ca + Mg)/Na ratios to those based on conservative mixing of waters can indicate the relative age of saline water and help identify recent contamination versus natural saltwaters. Cation exchange on clays decreases Na/Cl and increases (Ca + Mg)/Na ratios in saltwater recently flowing through clastic aquifers in comparison with softening often observed during long-term flushing of salinity. Case histories of natural saltwater, evapotranspiration concentration salinization, and water softener salt sources are compared to oil and gas brine contamination, including differentiation between two different brines.

Process and apparatus for heat treatment of workpieces by quenching with gases

Abstract: Workpieces are quenched by gases in a heat-treatment system (1) and the circulated gases are recooled on cooling surfaces (12, 15) in at least one heat exchanger (11, 14), the cooling surfaces (15) of the heat exchanger (14) are cooled by a primary refrigeration unit (20) and a refrigerant to temperatures below 0° C., preferably to temperatures below -20° C. or even below -40° C., to increase the intensity of the quenching. To reduce the size and power of the refrigeration unit (20), the quenching gas is sent in succession through at least one heat exchanger (11) cooled with water and at least one heat exchanger (14) cooled by a refrigerant. To reduce the size and power of the refrigeration unit (20) even further, this unit and a secondary refrigerant are used initially to cool down a storage volume of the primary refrigerant, such as a cooling brine, being stored under little or no pressure, to a temperature below 0° C., whereupon this primary refrigerant is sent through the heat exchanger (14), at least one of which is present.

pH modification of geothermal brine with sulfur-containing acid

Abstract: Sulfurous acid and/or sulfurous acid precursors, such as sulfur dioxide, are introduced into a hydrogen sulfide-containing geothermal brine or fluid prior to extracting energy from the resulting mixture by, e.g., passing the mixture through a flash vessel or a heat exchanger. The introduction of the sulfurous acid or its precursors into the geothermal brine or fluid inhibits scale formation and/or removes previously formed scale during processing of the brine or fluid.

Recovery of lithium values from brines

Abstract: Pellets of a polycrystalline hydrated alumina, especially Gibbsite, are infused with LiOH to obtain loadings up to 0.33 mol fraction of LiOH in the LiOH/Al(OH) 3 . The so-prepared material is useful for mixing with a LiX-containing brine solution, producing an interaction of the LiOH infused in the alumina pellets with the X ion (where X represents an acid salt moiety, especially halide) of the LiX-containing brine. The LiX interaction product is efficiently removed from the alumina pellets by water washing, leaving rejuvenated LiOH which can be used in yet another cycling of LiX formation/water removal. A plurality of loading and unloading cycles are achieved, yielding an appreciable amount of the lithium values derived from the brine.

Refractive-index measurements in freezing sea-ice and sodium chloride brines

Abstract: Sea ice contains numerous pockets of brine and precipitated salts whose size and number distributions change dramatically with temperature. Theoretical treatment of scattering produced by these inclusions requires information on refractive-index differences among the brine, salts, and surrounding ice. Lacking specific data on refractive-index variations in the brine, we carried out laboratory measurements in freezing-equilibrium solutions between -2 and -32 °C. Index values at 589 nm increased from 1.341 to 1.397 over this temperature range, corresponding to salinities of 35 and 240 parts per thousand (ppt). Spectral data were also taken at 50-nm intervals between 400 and 700 nm in nonequilibrium solutions with salinities ranging up to 300 ppt. Spectral gradients increased slightly with salinity but showed no measurable dependence on temperature between +12 and -16 °C. The Lorentz-Lorenz equation, combined with data on density, molar refractivities, and brine composition, yielded temperature-dependent index predictions in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Similar index and density measurements in freezing sodium chloride brines yielded values nearly identical to those in the sea-ice brines. The absence of mirabilite crystals in sodium chloride ice, however, will cause it to have higher transmissivity and lower reflectivity than sea ice above -22 °C.

Vacuum dewatering of desiccant brines

Abstract: Desiccant brine is heated and diluted in an air drier by coming into contact with air to be cooled in an evaporative cooler but is regenerated by dewatering in a vacuum chamber, from which it is discharged first into a sump, and then back into the vacuum chamber. Both the desiccant brine and air are heated in the air drier and the hot brine when in the vacuum chamber has a temperature above atmospheric, which provides a higher vapor pressure and its water is readily vaporized. The higher efficiency reduces the amount of heat input required, and thereby reduces the extent of heat exchanger requirement.

Air bubble heat transfer enhancement system coolness storage apparatus

Abstract: In coolness storage apparatus wherein brine in heat exchange tubes freezes and melts water and air is bubbled up through the water during the melting cycle to enhance heat exchange efficiency by gently circulating the water, vertical heat transfer strips in thermal conducting contact with the tubes for accelerating melting along each strip early in the discharge cycle to open channels through which the air bubbles stream to the top zone of the tank.

Hydro-air renewable power system

Abstract: A power generating system is powered by a circulating working fluid that is heated by heat of condensation deposited in a concentrated brine solution. A condenser transfers heat from working fluid vapor exhaust from the turbine to cooling water to form a condensed working fluid and heat the cooling water to a first vapor pressure. A heat transfer chamber has a concentrated brine solution in vapor communication with the cooling water so that vapor from the cooling water at the first vapor pressure will condense on the brine solution for diluting and heating the brine solution. For efficient heat and vapor transfer, the cooling water and the brine solution are caused to flow along opposed surfaces. A boiler is placed in heat transfer communication with the brine solution for receiving heat from the brine solution and heating the condensed working fluid to a vapor for input to the turbine.

Influence of C16 Quaternary Amine on Surface Films and Polarization Resistance of Mild Steel in Carbon Dioxide-Saturated 5% Sodium Chloride

Abstract: Experiments were performed to understand the behavior of a C16 quaternary amine on initially clean and precorroded surfaces in carbon dioxide (CO2)-saturated brine solutions. Although the ...

Method and apparatus for absorbing heat and preserving fresh products at a predetermined temperature ensuring optimal conditions of same

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for absorbing heat and preserving fresh products under optimal conditions is described. The products are introduced into a chamber of which at least 70%-80% of the wall surfaces consists of box-shaped interspace panels filled with a thermal capacitance fluid having a freezing temperature with a *ΔT included between -1° and -4° C. compared to the refrigeration temperature. Disposed within the panel interspace are circulating circuits containing a brine fluid fed at a temperature having a *ΔT included between -5° and -30° C. compared to the refrigeration temperature. The brine circuit is disposed within the panel interspace for distributing the exchange between the brine fluid and the thermal capacitance fluid so as to keep the *ΔT between the maximum and minimum temperature points of the wall under 5° C., preferably not higher than 2° C. and particularly not higher than 1° C.

Method and combination of materials for releasing a stuck pipe

Abstract: A method and combination of materials for freeing stuck pipe involves first the spotting of a clear brine, preferably calcium chloride, calcium bromide or zinc bromide, or mixtures thereof, for a given period of time, preferably at least about 8 hours, in the stuck region of the pipe, followed by the spotting of a spotting agent selected from wetting agents, surfactants, lubricants, or mixtures thereof, in the stuck region of the pipe.

Co-production of potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate and sodium chloride

Abstract: A process for producing potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and sodium chloride from potash and a sodium sulfate/water source, wherein potash (12), sodium sulfate (14), slurry (34) from the recovery stage and brine (18) from the gaserite decomposition stage (20) are introduced to a first stage (10), wherein the sodium sulfate and potash dissolve, such that glaserite is precipitated. The slurry is concentrated and delivered (22) to the glaserite decomposition stage (20) along with water (24). Potash is introduced directly (8) and/or via stream (22) by introducing excess potash into stage (10). The potassium sulfate solids are separated, washed and dried to give a potassium sulfate product (27). The mother liquor (18) removed from the reactor is returned to the glaserite production stage (10). The brine (26) produced in the production of glaserite (10) is evaporated in an evaporative crystallizer (28). The removal of water (30) produces a supersaturation of sodium chloride, which precipitates out of solution.

Inhibition of silica precipitation

Abstract: A method for controlling fouling of a flashing vessel or heat-exchange surface exposed to a high-enthalpy geothermal brine tending to form silicon-containing scale. The method adds a silicon-complexing amount of fluoroborate species to the brine to form a fluid mixture that does not produce substantial amounts of the scale when the temperature of the fluid mixture is reduced. The addition does not significantly increase corrosion rates of mild steel heat-exchanger materials of construction.

Caustic concentration regulator for chlorine generators

Abstract: An electrolytic chlorine gas generating system is disclosed. The system includes an electrolytic cell generating the chlorine gas, a brine tank supplying saturated brine to the anode compartment of the cell, and an acid feed tank containing hydrochloric acid at sufficient concentration to maintain the anolyte brine at less than about pH 4.0. In operation, the brine tank contains solid sodium chloride which dissolves in the brine and replenishes the anolyte brine solution as chloride ion is consumed during electrolysis. The acid feed tank is in fluid communication with the brine tank so that the brine is maintained at a constant volume during electrolysis. A caustic system is also disclosed including a means for controlling caustic delivery.

Ice thermal storage refrigerator unit

Abstract: An ice thermal storage refrigerator unit includes a brine path consisting essentially of a refrigerator, an ice thermal storage tank, a water heat exchanger, a brine pump, and control valves, which are connected by piping, and a cold water path consisting essentially of the water heat exchanger, a cooling load, and a cold water pump, which are connected by piping, so that brine is cooled in the refrigerator, and water in the ice thermal storage tank is frozen by the brine, thereby storing heat, and when heat is to be discharged, the brine is cooled by heat of fusion of the ice in the ice thermal storage tank, and the brine is introduced into the water heat exchanger to cool cold water, thereby taking out a cooling capacity. The ice thermal storage refrigerator unit further includes apparatus for detecting a quantity of stored heat remaining in the ice thermal storage tank and apparatus for detecting a quantity of heat discharged from the ice thermal storage tank in order to calculate an allowable discharging heat quantity from the quantity of stored heat remaining in the ice thermal storage tank, thereby providing an energy-saving and low-cost ice thermal storage refrigerator unit which enables a thermal storage tank to be effectively used to the full extent by adding only a simple measuring instrument.

System and process for cleansing brine in a food-chilling circuit

Abstract: A system for cleansing brine used in a chilling circuit has a used brine receiving tank in fluid communication with the chilling circuit. A membrane or like filtration unit is in fluid communication with the used brine tank and removes particles having a molecular weight of greater than approximately 200 from the brine. A cleansed brine storage tank is in fluid communication with the filtration unit and the chilling circuit. The cleansed brine tank holds the brine after it has been cleansed by the filtration unit until it can be resupplied to the chilling circuit.

Comparative study of selective separation of magnesium from brine and seawater

Abstract: A highly selective, sensitive, and inexpensive procedure for the separation of magnesium from brine and seawaters is proposed. The method is based on the separation of the harmful major constituent (calcium) of saline water. This is achieved by floating both calcium and magnesium as their oleates at the pH of saline water (7.5–8.5) to avoid the effect of NaCl on the precipitation of Ca as CaSO4. The float is dissolved in HNO3/methanol, precipitated as CaSO4, and the mother liquor is refloated as pure magnesium oleate. This purity is confirmed by infrared measurements.

The commissioning of an integrated heat pump-assisted geothermal brine purification system

Abstract: In a previous work, a packaged commercial heat pump was coupled to a geothermal brine purification system. Subsequently, a new compact heat pump-assisted purification system was farbricated which involved the elimination of two heat exchangersi and a reduction in the amount of tubing; this resulted in higher efficiencies due to lower temperature differences in the heat exchangers. The quality of the distilled water obtained from the geothermal brine was similar to commercially available distilled water with respect to chlorides and silica. A coefficient of performance ( COP ) of 4.5 was achieved with a brine boiling temperature of 63°C. Higher COP s could be achieved with a higher compressor efficiency. The process shows considerable promise for future development.