Showing papers on "Brine published in 2012"

Batteries for lithium recovery from brines

Abstract: Here, we report a new battery capable of efficiently recovering lithium from brines that is composed of a lithium-capturing cationic electrode (LiFePO4) and a chloride-capturing anionic electrode (Ag). It can convert a sodium-rich brine (Li : Na = 1 : 100) into a lithium-rich solution (Li : Na = 5 : 1) by consuming 144 W h per kg of lithium recovered.

Reactive Transport Modeling of Brine Reflux: Dolomitization, Anhydrite Precipitation, and Porosity Evolution

Abstract: Both geothermal convection and brine reflux drive circulation of sea-water- derived fluids through carbonate platforms during early burial, but dynamic interactions between heat and solute transport and resulting diagenesis are at present poorly understood. This paper describes high-resolution reactive transport model (RTM) simulations that suggest that reflux of 85 ppt brines rapidly restricts geothermal convection to the platform margin, with flow focused in the more permeable shallow carbonates. In a baseline simulation, involving an elongate, 25-km-wide grain-dominated packstone platform, brine reflux resulted in complete dolomitization beneath the 5-km-wide brine pool in 335 ky. The dolomite body then extends downward at c. 22 m/100 ky into an underlying broad area of partial dolomitization. This process enhances porosity at shallow depth, but beneath the dolomite body precipitation of anhydrite occludes porosity and limits the depth of reflux. In contrast, geothermal convection at the platform margin forms a smaller partially dolomitized body over a longer time (< 60% dolomite after 1 My), with very minor associated anhydrite cementation. Reflux diagenesis is sensitive to platform geometry, with higher rates of fluid flow increasing the depth of alteration beneath the brine pool for a circular platform compared to the linear baseline. Fluid flow across thermal gradients enhances reaction rates, and ignoring heat transport by 85 ppt brine reflux underestimates the extent of reflux dolomite by 25% and associated anhydrite by 90%. The depth and rate of anhydritization is sensitive to the geothermal heat flux, whereas platform-top temperatures affect dolomitization rate. Reflux diagenesis is also sensitive to brine density, which affects both fluid flow and reaction rates. Sediment permeability and reactive surface area (RSA) are key intrinsic controls on diagenesis. Where the permeability structure permits sufficient fluid flow, diagenesis preferentially affects more reactive fine-grained sediments. However, as flow rates decline, reactions become focused in the more permeable but less reactive sediments. Simulations thus shed light on why in some settings reflux preferentially dolomitizes muddy sediments, but elsewhere favors grainstones. Once active reflux ceases, brines continue to flow in the subsurface, but this “latent reflux” causes only minor dolomitization due to prior Mg2+ consumption at shallow depth.

Analysis of Membrane Distillation Crystallization System for High Salinity Brine Treatment with Zero Discharge Using Aspen Flowsheet Simulation

Abstract: An environmentally friendly membrane distillation crystallization (MDC) system is proposed to treat high salinity reverse osmosis (RO) brine with zero discharge. The raw brine from RO desalination plants is concentrated in direct contact MD to produce pure water, and the concentrate is then crystallized to produce solid salts without secondary disposal. A comprehensive analysis on the MDC system has been performed by Aspen flowsheet simulation with a user customized MD model, which was verified by our previous experiments. Simulation results reveal that the total energy consumption is negligibly changed by integration of a crystallization unit into the system, as over 97.8% of the energy was consumed by the heater of the MD subsystem. Higher inlet temperatures of both the feed and permeate streams in the MD module can improve the thermal efficiency. The introduction of a heat recovery unit in the MDC system, to recover the heat in the permeate for feed preheating, can increase the gain output ratio (GOR) by 28%. Moreover, it is shown that in a hollow fiber MD module, the permeate yield is a linear function of the length-to-radius ratio of the membrane module, and a longer MD module can reduce the specific energy consumption. A relatively high feed flow rate is preferred to avoid the potential problem of crystal blockage in the MD module.

A fast method to equilibrate carbon dioxide with brine at high pressure and elevated temperature including solubility measurements

Abstract: We introduce a fast, easy and reliable methodology, using a stirred reactor, to equilibrate carbon dioxide with brine and measure the solubility of carbon dioxide in the aqueous phase at high pressure (9 MPa) and elevated temperature (33, 50 and 70 °C) conditions at the litre scale. The solubility of carbon dioxide in brine was measured using an isothermal depressurization method and compared with data in the literature. This methodology can be used in petroleum engineering, carbon storage and chemical engineering applications.

Cobalt oxide silica membranes for desalination.

Abstract: This work shows for the first time the potential of cobalt oxide silica (CoOxSi) membranes for desalination of brackish (1 wt% NaCl), seawater (35 wt% NaCl) and brine (75-15 wt% NaCl) concentrations at feed temperatures between 25 and 75 degrees C CoOxSi xerogels were synthesised via a sol-gel method including TEOS, cobalt nitrate hydrate and peroxide Initial hydrothermal exposure (<2 days) of xerogels prepared with various pH (3-6) resulted in densification of the xerogel via condensation reactions within the silica matrix, with the xerogel synthesised at pH 5 the most resistant Subsequent exposure was not found to significantly alter the pore structure of the xerogels, suggesting they were hydrostable and that the pore sizes remained at molecular sieving dimensions Membranes were then synthesised using identical sol-gel conditions to the xerogel samples and testing showed that elevated feed temperatures resulted in increased water fluxes, whilst increasing the saline feed concentration resulted in decreased water fluxes The maximum flux observed was 18 kg m(-2) h(-1) at 75 degrees C for a 1 wt% NaCl feed concentration The salt rejection was consistently in excess of 99%, independent of either the testing temperature or salt feed concentration (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved

Viscosity Models and Effects of Dissolved CO2

Abstract: A comprehensive study is carried out on viscosity modeling for the geologic sequestration of CO2 in the pressure and temperature range of 1–600 bar and 20–105 °C, respectively. For the liquid phase, we present viscosity models for pure water (H2O), brine (H2O + NaCl), H2O + CO2, H2O + NaCl + CO2, and typical seawater compositions. In each case, we attempted to develop very accurate formulations having fewer parameters than existing models. Because of their simpler forms these also help obtain some computational speedup. The effects of dissolved CO2 are studied extensively. For liquid phase viscosity calculations we have found that, if the presence of CO2 is neglected, deviations can be even 38% when the solution is CO2 saturated and, with 2% (by weight) CO2 dissolution, the difference is 0.6–8%.

Treatment and reuse of reactive dyeing effluents

Abstract: Industrial textile processing comprises the operations of pretreatment, dyeing, printing and finishing These production processes are not only heavy consumers of energy and water; they also produce a substantial amount of chemical pollution Of all dyed textile fibres, cotton occupies the number-one position, and more than 50% of its production is dyed with reactive dyes, owing to their technical characteristics Unfortunately, this class of dyes is also the most unfavorable one from the ecological point of view, as the effluents produced are relatively heavily colored, contain high concentrations of salt and exhibit high BOD/COD values Dyeing 1 kg of cotton with reactive dyes requires an average of 70–150 L water, 06 kg NaCl and 40 g reactive dye The composition of the dye bath which we propose to treat contains solid particles (cotton fibres), dyeing auxiliaries (organic compounds), hydrolyzed reactive dyes, substantial quantities of alkalis (sodium carbonate and soda ash) and very high concentration of sodium chloride or sodium sulfate This paper presented the state of the art of the different processes currently used for the treatment of dye house wastewaters and evaluated a four-step process [1] to recover the water and the mineral salts, while leaving the spent dyes in the reject stream Processes evaluated included (1) cartridge filtration to remove textile fibres, (2) acidification to make the brine recovered, suitable for reuse and further dyeing operations, (3) nanofiltration (NF) to concentrate the hydrolyzed dyes and (4) reverse osmosis (RO) to further concentrate the salts for reuse in the dyeing process A cut-off of 100 m is sufficient to trap textile fibres, regardless of the type of effluent and the texture of the textile dyed The hydrolyzed reactive dyes present in the treated effluents comprise the entire range of possible types of reactive dyes For this acidification, we studied the influence of the concentration of sodium chloride, the influence of the temperature and we verified that the volume neither depends on the concentrations of reactive hydrolyzed dyes nor sodium chloride After defining the nanofiltration membrane, we studied the effect of the pH, temperature, pressure and velocity as well as the experimental procedure on the permeate flux, recovery of the salt and removal of the color An increase of either of the parameters temperature and pressure leads to an increase of the permeate flux On the other hand, a rise in the pH leads to a decrease of the permeate flux The retention factor of the sodium chloride is low when the concentration of sodium chloride is high in the retentate Our aim was to recover 80–90% of the sodium chloride, but our experiments showed that the recovery went as high as 99% Depending on the dyes used, the experimental procedure can be carried out in one, two or three steps The dye retention level was always higher than 98% After studying the operating variables, experiments with the recycled brines in new dyeing operations were carried out with specimen dyeings prepared with usual water using different classes of reactive dyes There was no difference in the results in terms of depth, shade or fastness properties, whichever type of water was used These last results therefore validate our process and its special innovative feature: recycling not only the water but also the mineral salts © 2005 Elsevier BV All rights reserved

SEAWATER REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINES AS A NEW SALT SOURCE FOR THE CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY: INTEGRATION OF NaCl CONCENTRATION BY ELECTRODIALYSIS

Abstract: Seawater RO brines have been identified as an alternative to common NaCl sources for the chlor-alkali industry. Electrodialysis (ED) has been evaluated as a preliminary step of NaCl concentration for these brines. Experimental results showed that ED was an effective concentration technology, where values up to 252 gNaCl L−1 were reached at 0.3-0.4 kA m −2 with a power consumption of approx. 0.20-0.30 kWh kg−1 NaCl. As the membranes used (Neosepta CIMS and ACS) were mainly selective for univalent ions, polyvalent ions were partially removed from the brine, benefiting its reuse. NaCl concentrated solutions are to be used as feed brine in the chlor-alkali industry after a purification step.

Selective Uptake of Lithium Ion from Brine by H1.33Mn1.67O4 and H1.6Mn1.6O4

Abstract: Uptake of lithium ion from brine on ion-sieve spinel-type adsorbents (H1.33Mn1.67O4 and H1.6Mn1.6O4) was studied batch-wise. The adsorbents exhibited extremely high affinity toward lithium ion in b...

Stable isotope fractionation of chlorine during evaporation of brine from a saline lake

Abstract: Brine from the saline Qarhan Lake was evaporated at 28±2°C in a clean environment. Two groups of experiments were conducted; one with complete separation of precipitate and brine at different stages of evaporation, and the other with continuous precipitation during the evaporation. Seventy-nine precipitate and brine samples were collected during the experiments, and the δ 37Cl values were determined using an improved thermal ionization mass spectrometry procedure for precise measurement of chlorine isotopes based on Cs2Cl+ ions. Based on the concentrations of Na+, K+, and Mg2+, evaporation was divided into three main precipitation stages as follows: halite dominant, carnallite dominant, and bischofite dominant. The δ 37Clsolid and δ 37Clliquid values of the precipitate and coexisting brine samples at different stages showed the following characteristics. The precipitates were enriched with 37Cl relative to the coexisting brine samples, and the δ 37Cl of both the precipitate and brine samples decreased gradually during evaporation. The fractionation factors (α h) between halite and brine were the highest, followed by that (α c) between carnallite and brine, and then that (α b) between bischofite and brine. The α c and α b values of less than one, which indicate the precipitate is enriched in 35Cl, were found when the evaporation process entered a new stage. However, the δ 37Cl values of carnallite, bischofite, and the coexisting brine samples decreased during evaporation. The residual brine is a 35Cl reservoir. The experimental phenomena were consistent with the δ 37Cl values in saline deposits in the literature. δ 37Cl can be used as an indicator of brine evaporation processes, which is important in the exploration of sylvinite deposits.

Analytical Model for CO2 Injection into Brine Aquifers-Containing Residual CH4

Abstract: During CO2 injection into brine aquifers-containing residual and/or dissolved CH4, three distinct regions develop: (1) a single-phase, dry-out region around the well-bore filled with pure supercritical CO2; (2) a two-phase, two-component system containing CO2 and brine; and (3) a two-phase, two-component system containing CH4, and brine. This article extends an existing analytical solution, for pressure buildup during CO2 injection into brine aquifers, by incorporating dissolved and/or residual CH4. In this way, the solution additionally accounts for partial miscibility of the CO2–CH4–brine system and the relative permeability hysteresis associated with historic imbibition of brine and current drainage due to CO2 injection and CH4 bank development. Comparison of the analytical solution results with commercial simulator, CMG-GEM, shows excellent agreement among a range of different scenarios. The presence of residual CH4 in a brine aquifer summons two competing phenomena, (1) reduction in relative permeability (phase interference), which increases pressure buildup by reducing total mobility, and (2) increase in bulk compressibility which decreases pressure buildup of the system. If initial CH4 is dissolved (no free CH4), these effects are not as important as they are in the residual gas scenario. Relative permeability hysteresis increased the CH4 bank length (compared to non-hysteretic relative permeability), which led to further reduction in pressure buildup. The nature of relative permeability functions controls whether residual CH4 is beneficial or disadvantageous to CO2 storage capacity and injectivity in a candid brine aquifer.

Temperature dependent halogen activation by N 2 O 5 reactions on halide-doped ice surfaces

Abstract: . We examined the reaction of N 2 O 5 on frozen halide salt solutions as a function of temperature and composition using a coated wall flow tube technique coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). The molar yield of photo-labile halogen compounds was near unity for almost all conditions studied, with the observed reaction products being nitryl chloride (ClNO 2 ) and/or molecular bromine (Br 2 ). The relative yield of ClNO 2 and Br 2 depended on the ratio of bromide to chloride ions in the solutions used to form the ice. At a bromide to chloride ion molar ratio greater than 1/30 in the starting solution, Br 2 was the dominant product otherwise ClNO 2 was primarily produced on these near pH-neutral brines. We demonstrate that the competition between chlorine and bromine activation is a function of the ice/brine temperature presumably due to the preferential precipitation of NaCl hydrates from the brine below 250 K. Our results provide new experimental confirmation that the chemical environment of the brine layer changes with temperature and that these changes can directly affect multiphase chemistry. These findings have implications for modeling air-snow-ice interactions in polar regions and likely in polluted mid-latitude regions during winter as well.

The effects of CO2-brine rheology on leakage processes in geologic carbon sequestration

Abstract: [1] Leakage from geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) sites is inherently challenging to study because CO2, driven by buoyant forces, travels over long distances, undergoing phase changes and encountering numerous connate brine and formation chemistries as it rises to the surface. This work explores the effect that CO2has on the rheological properties of brine solutions over a range of GCS-relevant temperature, pressure, ionic strength, and shear conditions. Under the fluid-liquid equilibrium conditions that prevail in the deep subsurface, viscosity of CO2-brine mixtures was found to be a function of temperature and pressure alone. Once leakage conditions ensue, discrete CO2bubbles form in brine, resulting in the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE), and these mixtures exhibit complex linear viscoelastic, time dependent, and thixotropic behavior. The presence of CO2(g) bubbles on the flow of the bulk fluid could have important impacts on impeding (via shear drag force) leakage depending on the geometrical, geochemical and geophysical characteristics of a storage site. Under VLE conditions, the effective viscosity of CO2-brine mixtures was found to be up to five times higher than brine alone but the microstructure was easily destroyed, and not readily regained, under high shear conditions. At higher temperatures and higher ionic strength, the effect is less pronounced. These results were considered in the context of flow through porous media, and the effect on buoyancy-driven flow is significant. Understanding this effect is important for developing an accurate constitutive relationship for leaking CO2, which will lead to better capacity to select and monitor GCS sites.

Synthesis and evaluation of a water-soluble acrylamide binary sulfonates copolymer on MMT crystalline interspace and EOR

Abstract: A novel water-soluble polymer was prepared by binary copolymerization and sulfomethylation using acrylamide (AM) and N-phenylmaleimide (N-PMI) as raw materials under mild conditions. Several factors were investigated and optimized conditions were confirmed in the copolymerization and sulfomethylation. It was found that the sulfonates copolymer was afforded with up to 60% retention rate of the apparent viscosity at 85°C; 30.4 mPa s apparent viscosity under 500 s−1 shear rate with 5.028 min; 3.3 times relativity viscosity (compared with polyacrylamides) was obtained in 80 g/L NaCl brine; up to 9.5% enhance oil recovery in presence of 5000 ppm NaCl brine by core flood tests; and it was also found that the polymer 4a, which combine with 10 wt % of KCl or NaCl brine could significantly affect the crystalline interspace of sodium montmorillonite (from 18.9 to 15.3 A). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Dynamic modeling of flux and total hydraulic resistance in nanofiltration treatment of regeneration waste brine using artificial neural networks

Abstract: Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to predict dynamically the permeate flux and total hydraulic resistance through the crossflow nanofiltration (NF) of waste brine. The ANN was fed with three inputs: transmembrane pressure (TMP), temperature and time. It was found that ANN with 1 hidden layer comprising nine neurons gives the best fitting with the experimental data, which made it possible to predict flux and total hydraulic resistance with high correlation coefficients (0.96 and 0.98, respectively). The effect of TMP and temperature on the recovery of useable brine from waste brine was also investigated by using polyamide tubular NF membrane. High reduction in salt and water consumption was achieved in this study. In addition, experimental results showed that the flux was increased significantly with increase in pressure and temperature (p < 0.01), whereas fouling and NaCl rejection increased considerably as the pressure and temperature increased, respectively. With an increase in TMP an...

Phase Behavior and Physicochemical Properties of (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate + Brine + Propan-1-ol + Heptane) Microemulsions

Abstract: Experimental investigations have been made on the phase behavior of the (sodium dodecyl sulfate + brine + propan-1-ol + heptane) microemulsion system and its stability under reservoir conditions fo...

Modeling of Spatiotemporal Thermal Response to CO 2 Injection in Saline Formations: Interpretation for Monitoring

Abstract: We evaluated the thermal processes with numerical simulation models that include processes of solid NaCl precipitation, buoyancy-driven multiphase SCCO2 migration, and potential non-isothermal effects. Simulation results suggest that these processes—solid NaCl precipitation, buoyancy effects, JT cooling, water vaporization, and exothermic SCCO2 reactions—are strongly coupled and dynamic. In addition, we performed sensitivity studies to determine how geologic (heat capacity, brine concentration, porosity, the magnitude and anisotropy of permeability, and capillary pressure) and operational (injection rate and injected SCCO2 temperature) parameters may affect these induced thermal disturbances. Overall, a fundamental understanding of potential thermal processes investigated through this research will be beneficial in the collection and analysis of temperature signals collectively measured from monitoring wells.

Flow Loop Study of NaCl Concentration Effect on Erosion, Corrosion, and Erosion-Corrosion of Carbon Steel in CO2-Saturated Systems

Abstract: Erosion-corrosion deterioration of carbon steel in carbon dioxide (CO2)-saturated systems with sand is a problem in the oil and gas industry because the combined effects of erosion and corrosion can reduce the protection provided by iron-carbonate scale formation or inhibitors. Oil and gas production can be accompanied by the formation water (typically chloride containing brine). Some effects of chloride concentration on corrosion are not widely known, and this can result in misleading conclusions. The goal of this paper was to contribute to a better understanding of the effects of chloride concentration in CO2 corrosion. Previous studies reported in the literature and experimental and theoretical studies conducted in the present work have shown that increasing the sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration in solution has three important effects on corrosion results. First, standard pH meter readings in high NaCl concentration solutions require corrections. Second, increasing the NaCl concentration de...