Showing papers on "Brine published in 2019"
TL;DR: In this paper, a bimodal porous structure (e.g., balsa wood) was used as an efficient and stable solar vapor generator for high-salinity brine desalination.
Abstract: The shortage of clean water is one of the predominant causes of human mortality, especially in remote rural areas. Currently, solar steam generation is being adopted as an efficient, sustainable, and low-cost means for water desalination to produce clean water. However, preventing salt accumulation during operation while maintaining long-term stability and a rapid evaporation rate is a critical challenge that needs to be urgently addressed to further facilitate the practical applications of solar desalination, especially for desalinating high-salinity brine. Here, we demonstrate that a bimodal porous structure (e.g., balsa wood) can serve as an efficient and stable solar vapor generator for high-salinity brine desalination. Taking advantage of the inherent bimodal porous and interconnected microstructures of balsa wood, rapid capillary transport through the microchannels and efficient transport between the micro- and macrochannels through ray cells and pits in the bimodal evaporator can lead to quick replenishment of surface vaporized brine to ensure fast and continuous clean water vapor generation. The bimodal evaporator demonstrates a rapid evaporation rate of 6.4 kg m−2 h−1 under 6 suns irradiation and outstanding long-term stability for desalination of high salinity brine. The large vessel channels play a critical role in preventing salt from accumulating, as evidenced by controlled experiments with large vessels either blocked in the bimodal evaporator (balsa evaporator) or absent in a unimodal evaporator (e.g., cedar wood) whose porous structure occurs naturally without large vessels. Both approaches demonstrate severe salt accumulation during solar desalination due to a lack of sufficient brine replenishment from the bulk solution beneath. With its unique bimodal porous and interconnected microstructure configuration obtained by a facile and scalable fabrication method, our bimodal porous structured evaporator device represents an efficient, stable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly solar vapor generator for high-salinity brine desalination.
409 citations
TL;DR: With the capabilities of stable and high-rate evaporation out of high-salinity brine and the effective separation of solute from water, it is expected that this technology can have direct implications in various fields such as wastewater treatment, sea-salt production, and metal recycling.
Abstract: In recent years, interfacial solar vapor generation has shown great potential in realizing desalination and wastewater treatment with high energy conversion efficiency. However, high evaporation rate cannot be maintained because of the seemingly unavoidable fouling or salt accumulation on the solar absorbers. The degradation accelerates as the solute concentration increases. Here, we demonstrate a water lily–inspired hierarchical structure that enables efficient evaporation (~80% solar-to-vapor efficiency) out of high-salinity brine [10 weight % (wt %)] and wastewater containing heavy metal ions (30 wt %). More notably, neither decrease in evaporation rate nor fouling on absorbers was observed during the entire evaporation process until water and solute were completely separated. With the capabilities of stable and high-rate evaporation out of high-salinity brine and the effective separation of solute from water, it is expected that this technology can have direct implications in various fields such as wastewater treatment, sea-salt production, and metal recycling.
302 citations
146 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review summarizes electrochemical lithium extracting research from seawater/brine with an emphasis on electrode material design and improving lithium extraction performance, and future challenges are also discussed.
91 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the applicability of nanofiltration membrane for recovering lithium from salt lake brine with a high magnesium-to-lithium mass ratio was evaluated under different operating pressure, temperature, multi-ion presence, and concentration ratio conditions.
78 citations
TL;DR: Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermal desalination process with the capability of harnessing low-grade waste heat to treat hypersaline brine as discussed by the authors, which has been actively explored as a p...
Abstract: Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermal desalination process with the capability of harnessing low-grade waste heat to treat hypersaline brine. For this reason, MD has been actively explored as a p...
65 citations
TL;DR: Li et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a novel Li+ extraction process from low-grade salt lake brine with ultrahigh Mg/Li mass ratio using TBP - kerosene - FeCl3 system.
63 citations
TL;DR: LiAl-LDHs play a critical function in selectively capturing lithium ions from brines with a high Na/Li ratio, which is useful for the extraction of lithium ion from the abundant salt lake brine resources in China as mentioned in this paper.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of applying forward osmosis (FO) process for the pretreatment of feed solution to a multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination plant was evaluated.
59 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used membrane electrolysis to generate hydroxyl groups in situ in a two-chamber electrochemical cell with a side crystallizer, omitting the need for chemical addition and not leading to substantial loss of lithium rich brine.
53 citations
01 Feb 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss direct electrosynthesis of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) from sea-water desalination brine as an emerging alternative solution.
Abstract: Seawater is an abundant resource across the world, and its purification and by-product recovery methods are crucial for economical, environmentally safe and sustainable utilization. Desalinating seawater generally produces brine as a by-product that cannot be purified economically with current technologies and which is instead released to the environment. In this Perspective, we discuss direct electrosynthesis of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) from sea-water desalination brine as an emerging alternative solution. In this direct electrosynthesis (DE) process, the water splitting reaction is used to produce H+ and OH–, which combine with the brine stream to produce NaOH and HCl. After introducing the scope of the process, we describe developments in earth-abundant catalysts for water splitting and the competing chlorine evolution reaction (CER), as well as challenges in inefficiency and productivity associated with these processes. Finally, we discuss the economic impact and feasibility of direct electrosynthesis. Desalination processes generally leave brine as a by-product, which is then discharged back into the environment. This Perspective looks at recent procedures for using this brine instead as resource for the production of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide through direct electrosynthesis.
TL;DR: In this article, five different OARO integrated flow processes are modelled numerically to determine their technical and economical feasibility in maximising the process recovery, and three of them are novel, and offer technical and economic advantages over the previously proposed oARO processes.
TL;DR: This PANI/Lix Mn2 O4 cell could simultaneously extract LiCl from a simulated brine with a high average current efficiency of 95 %, an energy consumption of 3.95 W h molLiCl -1, and a strong cycle ability with 70.8 % capacity retention over 200 cycles.
Abstract: Conventional lithium extraction processes are inefficient or inadaptable for application in salt-lake brines with high Mg/Li ratios of ≥6. A new electrochemical cell, polyaniline (PANI)/Lix Mn2 O4 , was proposed to solve this problem for selective recovery of Li+ ions from brine water with high impurity cations (K+ , Na+ , Mg2+ , etc). Benefiting from the unique selectivity of spinel Lix Mn2 O4 for Li+ insertion and the high capacity of the PANI polymer for Cl- doping, this PANI/Lix Mn2 O4 cell could simultaneously extract LiCl from a simulated brine with a high average current efficiency of 95 %, an energy consumption of 3.95 W h molLiCl -1 , and a strong cycle ability with 70.8 % capacity retention over 200 cycles. In particular, this method avoids the use of additional chemicals, offering a highly efficient, pollution-free technology for Li+ extraction from brine waters.
TL;DR: In this article, a multistage centrifugal extraction was used to recover lithium from underground brine, and the recovery rate reached to 90.05% by five-stage centrifugal extractor at optimized conditions.
TL;DR: In this paper, a prototype of an adsorption desalination (AD) system was designed and manufactured using commercially available alumina silica gel to evaluate and improve its performance.
TL;DR: In this paper, a zero brine discharge seawater desalination concept integrating reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis (ED) and crystallizer into a single system (REC) is presented.
TL;DR: In this article, industrial grade lithium chloride has been successfully treated with four simple precipitation steps to obtain a high purity battery grade lithium carbonate of >99.95% using LiCl starting solutions contained K, Na, Mg, Ca, Cu, Ni, and Fe chloride contaminants.
TL;DR: In this paper, a composite membrane using graphene oxide (GO) and used it in a pervaporation (PV) process to tackle the issues encountered in the membrane distillation (MD) processes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that over 70% of the global lithium resources are found in salt lake brines, but lithium is always accompaniment to lithium-ion batteries.
Abstract: Lithium is becoming increasingly important due to its essential role in lithium-ion batteries. Over 70% of the global lithium resources are found in salt lake brines, but lithium is always accompan...
TL;DR: The thin brine film that wets rock surfaces governs the wettability of underground reservoirs as mentioned in this paper, and the ionic composition and salinity of this nanosized brine can influence the wetting preference of underground reservoir.
Abstract: The thin brine film that wets rock surfaces governs the wettability of underground reservoirs. The ionic composition and salinity of this nanosized brine film influence the wetting preference of th...
TL;DR: In this article, a brine recirculation method is implemented by considering a bleeding flow of the concentrated brine stream, which enables the system to work at steady state high salinity feed.
TL;DR: A dimensionless Rayleigh-dependent onset of instability with parameters that are close for two mixtures is found, however, differences in the CO2 diffusivity result in smaller Rayleigh numbers for NaCl and CaCl2 containing mixtures.
TL;DR: In this article, the recovery of magnesium from desalination reject brine through reaction with ammonium hydroxide has been evaluated and statistically optimized using response surface methodology, where a central composite design (5-level, 3-factor) was used to optimize the process to obtain the maximum response of magnesium recovery as a function of reaction temperature, brine salinity, and ammonia to magnesium molar ratio.
Abstract: In this work, the recovery of magnesium from desalination reject brine through reaction with ammonia has been evaluated and statistically optimized using response surface methodology. The process is based on precipitation of magnesium hydroxide by the reaction of MgCO3 in the brine with ammonium hydroxide. A software, which is designed for studying chemical reaction and equilibrium, was employed to perform the thermodynamic analysis of the reaction of magnesium carbonate with ammonia, which was found to be exothermic and spontaneous in the temperature range of 0–22 °C. Central composite design (5-level, 3-factor) was used to optimize the process to obtain the maximum response of magnesium recovery as a function of reaction temperature, brine salinity, and ammonia to magnesium molar ratio. Maximum recovery of 99% was obtained at a temperature of 15 °C, brine salinity of 85 g/L, and a molar ratio of 4.4NH3: 1 Mg. The predicted response was in excellent agreement with the experimental results. The collected solid product at optimum conditions was characterized using X-ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive Spectra analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The analysis indicated the high purity of the recovered product in the form of Brucite (Mg(OH)2).
TL;DR: In this article, the boundary conditions of Mg/Li separation from the brine in association with the initial mg/Al ratio and the initial Li/Li ratio were investigated.
TL;DR: A thermal-stable and salt-tolerant biobased zwitterionic surfactant N, N-Dimethyl-N-[2-hydroxy-3-sulfo-propyl]-N′-phenyloctadecanoyl-1, 3-diaminopropane (SPODP) was successfully obtained from modification of oleic acids which can be regenerated from waste cooking oils, and its structure was characterized using GC-MS, ESI-MS and 1H NMR approaches as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, a new theoretical approach adopting the transient time-dependent apparent rate constant of hydrate formation with salts was proposed to predict the formation kinetics of R22 hydrates under brine environments, which was in good agreement with the experimental results.
TL;DR: In this paper, phase equilibrium conditions for structure II (sII) gas hydrates in systems containing a mixture of salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) and methanol have been measured using a high-pressure cell.
TL;DR: In this article, the change in the flow-through characteristics, porosity, and the mechanical behavior of Mt. Simon Sandstone samples caused by exposure to brine/CO2 was investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used molecular dynamics simulations to study the interfacial tension (IFT) between gas and brine phases and found that the charge molarity is the dominant factor to determine the gas-brine IFT.