Brine

About: Brine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6542 publications have been published within this topic receiving 76741 citations.

Temperature dependent halogen activation by N 2 O 5 reactions on halide-doped ice surfaces

Abstract: . We examined the reaction of N 2 O 5 on frozen halide salt solutions as a function of temperature and composition using a coated wall flow tube technique coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). The molar yield of photo-labile halogen compounds was near unity for almost all conditions studied, with the observed reaction products being nitryl chloride (ClNO 2 ) and/or molecular bromine (Br 2 ). The relative yield of ClNO 2 and Br 2 depended on the ratio of bromide to chloride ions in the solutions used to form the ice. At a bromide to chloride ion molar ratio greater than 1/30 in the starting solution, Br 2 was the dominant product otherwise ClNO 2 was primarily produced on these near pH-neutral brines. We demonstrate that the competition between chlorine and bromine activation is a function of the ice/brine temperature presumably due to the preferential precipitation of NaCl hydrates from the brine below 250 K. Our results provide new experimental confirmation that the chemical environment of the brine layer changes with temperature and that these changes can directly affect multiphase chemistry. These findings have implications for modeling air-snow-ice interactions in polar regions and likely in polluted mid-latitude regions during winter as well.

Ice making machine

Abstract: An ice-making machine (10) includes a housing (12) having a brine solution inlet to receive brine solution from which ice is to be made and having an ice-brine slurry outlet to permit the egress of an ice-brine slurry from the housing. A heat exchanger within the housing has a heat exchange surface (30). The heat exchanger further includes a refrigerant inlet, a refrigerant outlet and at least one refrigerant circuit (32) interconnecting the refrigerant inlet and the refrigerant outlet to permit a flow of refrigerant through the heat exchanger to extract heat from the brine solution contacting the heat exchange surface. The at least one refrigerant circuit is constituted by refrigerant passages (34) integrally formed in a body portion of the housing. A blade assembly (90) within the housing carries a plurality of blades each of which is in contact with the heat exchange surface. The blade assembly is mounted on a shaft (80) which is rotatable by a motor to move the blades across the heat exchange surface to remove cooled fluid therefrom and inhibit the deposition of ice crystals on the heat exchange surface.

Parameters affecting mineral trapping of CO2 sequestration in brines

Abstract: Carbon dioxide sequestration using brines has emerged as a promising technology to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change due to its large storage capacity and favorable chemistries. However, the permanent storage of CO2 in brines takes significantly long periods of time as the formation of carbonates is very slow. This review focuses on the four main parameters (brine composition, brine pH, system temperature, and pressure) that have been reported to have a major effect on mineral trapping of CO2 sequestration in brines. These parameters are difficult to control for in situ underground CO2 sequestration. However, understanding the effects of these main parameters is useful for both aboveground and underground carbonation reactions. Brine pH is the most important parameter. The precipitation of carbonate minerals is favored over a basic pH of 9.0. In order to promote the formation of carbonates, brine pH could be enhanced by using additives. System temperature has a greater effect than pressure. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Tailoring the Salt Transport Flux of Solar Evaporators for a Highly Effective Salt-Resistant Desalination with High Productivity.

Abstract: Developing highly effective salt-resistant solar evaporators for a long-term desalination with a high evaporation rate and water production rate remains a great challenge. Herein, we fabricated a three-dimensional printed hierarchical porous reduced graphene oxide/carbon black (3DP-HP rGO/CB) solar evaporator constructed with a thin layer of porous photothermal interface and a grid of hierarchical porous transport channel possessing a large-sized porous microstructure. The 3DP-HP rGO/CB solar evaporator demonstrates a tailored high-salt transport flux of up to 4.3 kg·m-2·h-1, which displays a highly effective salt-resistant performance at a high evaporation rate of 10.5 kg·m-2·h-1 during a desalination of 10 wt % NaCl brine under 8 kW·m-2 illumination. Experiments and theoretical calculations prove that the large porous microstructure with abundant and low-resistance salt ion channels endows solar evaporators with a high salt transport flux, therefore boosting salt resistance compared to traditional solar evaporators. A 10 d desalination experiment shows the long-term salt resistance of a 3DP-HP rGO/CB solar evaporator for a high-rate and stable evaporation and water production. Furthermore, the 3DP-HP rGO/CB evaporator can purify 10 wt % NaCl brine at an ultrafast water production rate of up to 5.6 L·m-2·h-1 under natural sunlight. This work demonstrates great potential for the practical implementation of solar desalination with high productivity.

The effects of CO2-brine rheology on leakage processes in geologic carbon sequestration

Abstract: [1] Leakage from geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) sites is inherently challenging to study because CO2, driven by buoyant forces, travels over long distances, undergoing phase changes and encountering numerous connate brine and formation chemistries as it rises to the surface. This work explores the effect that CO2has on the rheological properties of brine solutions over a range of GCS-relevant temperature, pressure, ionic strength, and shear conditions. Under the fluid-liquid equilibrium conditions that prevail in the deep subsurface, viscosity of CO2-brine mixtures was found to be a function of temperature and pressure alone. Once leakage conditions ensue, discrete CO2bubbles form in brine, resulting in the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE), and these mixtures exhibit complex linear viscoelastic, time dependent, and thixotropic behavior. The presence of CO2(g) bubbles on the flow of the bulk fluid could have important impacts on impeding (via shear drag force) leakage depending on the geometrical, geochemical and geophysical characteristics of a storage site. Under VLE conditions, the effective viscosity of CO2-brine mixtures was found to be up to five times higher than brine alone but the microstructure was easily destroyed, and not readily regained, under high shear conditions. At higher temperatures and higher ionic strength, the effect is less pronounced. These results were considered in the context of flow through porous media, and the effect on buoyancy-driven flow is significant. Understanding this effect is important for developing an accurate constitutive relationship for leaking CO2, which will lead to better capacity to select and monitor GCS sites.