Topic
Brine
About: Brine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6542 publications have been published within this topic receiving 76741 citations.
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TL;DR: The brine-to-caustic process is shown to be technically feasible while offering several advantages, that is, the reduced environmental impact of desalination through lessened brine discharge, and the increase in the overall water recovery ratio of the reverse osmosis facility.
Abstract: The ability to increase pH is a crucial need for desalination pretreatment (especially in reverse osmosis) and for other industries, but processes used to raise pH often incur significant emissions and nonrenewable resource use. Alternatively, waste brine from desalination can be used to create sodium hydroxide, via appropriate concentration and purification pretreatment steps, for input into the chlor-alkali process. In this work, an efficient process train (with variations) is developed and modeled for sodium hydroxide production from seawater desalination brine using membrane chlor-alkali electrolysis. The integrated system includes nanofiltration, concentration via evaporation or mechanical vapor compression, chemical softening, further ion-exchange softening, dechlorination, and membrane electrolysis. System productivity, component performance, and energy consumption of the NaOH production process are highlighted, and their dependencies on electrolyzer outlet conditions and brine recirculation are investigated. The analysis of the process also includes assessment of the energy efficiency of major components, estimation of system operating expense and comparison with similar processes. The brine-to-caustic process is shown to be technically feasible while offering several advantages, that is, the reduced environmental impact of desalination through lessened brine discharge, and the increase in the overall water recovery ratio of the reverse osmosis facility. Additionally, best-use conditions are given for producing caustic not only for use within the plant, but also in excess amounts for potential revenue.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a process based on vertically mounted and continuously wetted evaporation surfaces with packing densities of 20 m2/m2 footprint and greater.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, experiments have been performed on a mechanical vapor compression desalination system (MVC) with two vertical evaporator condensers and its rated capacity is about 1 m3/d.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a flow-through porous electrode made of reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) has been designed to remove mercury from contaminated brine solutions, and the results of the experiments were used to develop a general correlation for the dependence of the mass-transfer coefficient on the flow rate of electrolyte through RVC.
Abstract: A flow(through porous electrode, made of reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC), has been designed to remove mercury from contaminated brine solutions. Experiments with a bench-scale reactor show that the mercury concentration of contaminated brine solutions can be reduced by as much as a factor of five thousand during a single pass through the electrode. The process is mass-transfer limited, and the results of the experiments are used to develop a general correlation for the dependence of the mass-transfer coefficient on the flow rate of electrolyte through RVC. In addition, the effect of counterelectrode placement on the cell resistance is examined, and the experimental data are compared to predictions from a mathematical model of the system. The model agrees favorably with the experimental results, and the benefits of upstream counterelectrode placement, indicated by the model, are verified.
76 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, methods for producing sodium hydroxide (caustic) from seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) brine for internal reuse, which typically involve brine purification, brine concentration, and sodium chloride electrolysis, are reviewed.
Abstract: As global desalination capacity continues its rapid growth, the impetus for reducing the adverse environmental impacts of brine discharge grows concurrently. Although modern brine outfall designs have significantly limited such impacts, they are costly. Recovering valuable components and chemical derivatives from brine has potential to resolve both environmental and economic concerns. In this article, methods for producing sodium hydroxide (“caustic”) from seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) brine for internal reuse, which typically involve brine purification, brine concentration, and sodium chloride electrolysis, are reviewed. Because process energy consumption drives process cost and caustic purity determines product usability in drinking water systems, reviewed technologies are benchmarked against thermodynamic minimum energy consumption and maximum (stoichiometric) NaOH production rates. After individual reviews of brine purification, concentration, and electrolysis technologies, five existing facilities ...
76 citations