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Bronze

About: Bronze is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6197 publications have been published within this topic receiving 48971 citations.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that the lacquer used to cover warriors and certain parts of weapons is rich in chromium, and it is demonstrated that chromium on the metals is contamination from nearby lacquer after burial, and the chromium anti-rust treatment theory should be abandoned.
Abstract: For forty years, there has been a widely held belief that over 2,000 years ago the Chinese Qin developed an advanced chromate conversion coating technology (CCC) to prevent metal corrosion. This belief was based on the detection of chromium traces on the surface of bronze weapons buried with the Chinese Terracotta Army, and the same weapons’ very good preservation. We analysed weapons, lacquer and soils from the site, and conducted experimental replications of CCC and accelerated ageing. Our results show that surface chromium presence is correlated with artefact typology and uncorrelated with bronze preservation. Furthermore we show that the lacquer used to cover warriors and certain parts of weapons is rich in chromium, and we demonstrate that chromium on the metals is contamination from nearby lacquer after burial. The chromium anti-rust treatment theory should therefore be abandoned. The good metal preservation probably results from the moderately alkaline pH and very small particle size of the burial soil, in addition to bronze composition.

1,097 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A layered calcium vanadium oxide bronze as the cathode material for aqueous Zn batteries is reported, demonstrating that the calcium-based bronze structure can deliver a high capacity, good rate capability, and very long cycling life.
Abstract: Cost-effective aqueous rechargeable batteries are attractive alternatives to non-aqueous cells for stationary grid energy storage. Among different aqueous cells, zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), based on Zn2+ intercalation chemistry, stand out as they can employ high-capacity Zn metal as the anode material. Herein, we report a layered calcium vanadium oxide bronze as the cathode material for aqueous Zn batteries. For the storage of the Zn2+ ions in the aqueous electrolyte, we demonstrate that the calcium-based bronze structure can deliver a high capacity of 340 mA h g-1 at 0.2 C, good rate capability, and very long cycling life (96 % retention after 3000 cycles at 80 C). Further, we investigate the Zn2+ storage mechanism, and the corresponding electrochemical kinetics in this bronze cathode. Finally, we show that our Zn cell delivers an energy density of 267 W h kg-1 at a power density of 53.4 W kg-1 .

695 citations

Book
01 Feb 2002
TL;DR: A review of the literature on copper and its alloys integrates information on pigments, corrosion products and minerals that are usually considered separately though they are often the same compounds as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: This 190 year review of the literature on copper and its alloys integrates the information on pigments, corrosion products and minerals that are usually considered separately though they are often the same compounds. The various environmental conditions to which copper alloy objects may be exposed including burial, outdoor, and indoor museum environments and the methods used to conserve them are discussed and information is included on ancient and historical technologies, the nature of patina as it pertains to copper and bronze and the use of copper corrosion materials as pigments. Chapters are organized primarly by chemical corrosion products and includetopics such as early technologies, copper chlorides and bronze disease, the chemistry and history of turquoise, Egyptian blue and other synthetic copper silicates, the organics salts of copper in bronze corrosion and bronze patinas. A detailed survey of conservation treatments for bronze objects is also provided. Four appendices cover copper and bronze chemistry, replication experiments for early pigments recipes, a list of copper minerals and corrosion products and X-ray diffraction studies. -- ICCROM

358 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used micromorphology, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), and XRF spectrometers to characterize natural sediments sampled on and in the proximity of the tell and monitor their transformations due to exposure to high temperatures in an oven and in open fires, focusing on the transformations of the clay mineral components of mud-brick materials.

229 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the current status of the photorefractive tungsten bronze family crystals in terms of their growth problems and applications, with special emphasis on the current results for the Sr1−xBaxNb2O6 solid-solution system.
Abstract: We review the current status of the photorefractive tungsten bronze family crystals in terms of their growth problems and applications, with special emphasis on the current results for the Sr1−xBaxNb2O6 solid-solution system. Ferroelectric morphotropic phase-boundary materials are discussed as an appropriate goal for future development.

190 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023509
20221,065
2021180
2020260
2019256
2018246