Showing papers on "Brown rice published in 1972"

Protein Content of Rice Grain as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilizer and Some Triazines and Substituted Ureas1

Abstract: Field experiments were conducted to determine whether varietal differences in protein content exist and to study the use of cultural practices — plant density, time of N application, and application of chemicals —for increasing protein content of rices (Oryza sativa L.). Results demonstrated that a high-yielding improved line ‘IR480-5-9’ has high protein content in the grain. The protein content of brown rice of IR480-5-9 varied from 9.5 to 10.2% without application of N. The highest protein of ‘IR480,’ was about 12.5% while that of ‘IR8’ was 9.8%. In another experiment, the protein content of IR480 was 10.2%, while that of ‘IR22’ was 8.6%. Both rices had similar grain yields (7.8 metric tons/ha). In another experiment, the protein content of several rice cultivars was significantly higher when 150 kg/ha N was applied half at planting and half at heading than when all N was applied at planting. Simetryne [2,4-bis (ethyl amino)-6-(methyl thio)-S-triazine], at 0.5 kg/ha active ingredient, applied either as granular or liquid formulation at panicle initiation or at heading stage of the rice crop, significantly increased the protein content and protein yield of IR22 compared with the fertilized control. Three chemicals, tenoran [N′-4 (4-chlorophenoxy) phenyl-N,N-dimethyl urea], CP 17029 [2,4 bis (3 methoxy-propyl amino)-6-(methyl thio)-Striazine], and benzomarc (N-benzoyl-N-dichloro-3,4-phenyl N′-N′-dimethyl urea) also increased protein content of rice grain without significantly affecting grain yields and yield components.

Diatomaceous earth for confused flour beetle and rice weevil control in rough, brown, and milled rice.

Abstract: A diatomaceous earth produced 100% mortality in rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and confused flour beetles, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal, exposed for 21 days in rough rice treated with dosages of 1.75 and 3.5 g/kg, respectively. Milled and brown rice required dosages of 3.5 and 5.25 g/kg, respectively, to effect 100% rice weevil mortality. More than 56 days were required to effect 100% mortality in confused flour beetles in brown rice treated with 7.0 g/kg. Lower mortalities in milled and brown rice appeared to result from saturation of the diatomaceous earth by oils from the surface of the lice kernels. In brown rice, aged treatments produced lower rice weevil mortalities than did fresh treatments, and preconditioning of the dust by exposing it to milled or brown rice rendered it less effective against confused flour beetles when it was removed after 21 days and applied to rough rice.

A colorimetric bran pigment method for determining the degree of milling of rice.

Abstract: The alkaline alcohol bran-pigment extraction method has been developed into a simple and reliable quantitative colorimetric method. A requisite quantity (0.1-1.0 g, depending on the degree of milling of the sample) of rice powder is soaked overnight with a 1 : 2 (v/v) mixture of 2 % aqueous KOH-n-propanol(1 ml for each 0.1 g powder). Next day, the balance of 10 ml of the solvent is added, the mixture vigorously shaken and centrifuged. The yellow-brown solution is read in a Spectronic 20 (filter colorimeters did not give linear readings) at 400 nm. On plotting the absorbance/g/lO ml data expressed as percentage of that of the corresponding brown rice against the degree of milling, the values in three raw and one parboiled rice varieties fell into a single smooth curve. The extent of milling of an unknown sample could, therefore, be determined by testing its absorbance and that of the corresponding brown rice. The extractant chosen, selected from different solvent combinations, gave a clear extract and a negligible difference in reading between normal and red rice kernels. The intensity of the colour was maximum at about pH 10.5 and above, and its A,,,,, was at 360 nm (but 400 nm was used for convenience). The colour was rather unstable, but was more stable in presence of excess rice flour. Hence it was necessary to use a constant rice-to-solvent ratio during the extraction for all analyses. The concentration of the extractable pigment in successive layers of bran decreased linearly from the outermost to the innermost layer. The fat content, on the other hand, first increased and then decreased.

Analysis of Yield-Determining Process and Its Application to Yield-Prediction and Culture Improvement of Lowland Rice : CIX. Effects of nitrogen top-dressing at full heading stage on lodging resistance, root activity, yield and kernel quality

Abstract: As stated in previous papers, the nitrogen top-dressing at full heading stage maintained high photosynthetic activity of leaves after heading and contributed to the increase in percentage of ripened grains, in the weight of 1000 grains and in yield. At the same time, it was known that protein content in brown rice fed by nitrogen top-dressing at full heading stage was raised by 20-30 % in comparison with that of control. The authors tried to make it clear that whether nitrogen top-dressing at full heading stage would have another effects besides the effects mentioned above. For instance, the question, does the top-dressing at full heading stage increase the root activity and the lodging resistance. or improve the qualities of rice grains?, was set in this experiment. To achieve this purpose, a different amount of nitrogen was individually applied at full heading stage in the form of ammonium sulphate, and the following results were obtained: 1. By nitrogen top-dressing at full heading stage, the percentage of ripened grains, the yield and the amount of dry matter accumulated after heading were increased as the dose rate of nitrogen was raised in the range of 3-9 g/m2. 2. By the same treatment, an activity of α-NA oxidation and O2 consumption by root was increased, and the rice plants were maintained freshly untill maturity. Consequently, the breaking strength at culm base and the lodging resistance became larger than those of control. 3. As to the quality of rice kernels, the following results were obtained by the same top-dressing ; a) the nitrogen content in brown rice was increased by 11-25 %, b) the number of kernels thicker than 2.0 mm was increased, and c) the percentage of perfect kernel was raised up, and the percentages of white belly (and core) rice and of milky white rice kernels was lowered, respectively, especially, characters described in this item were conspicuous in the plot where nitrogen was restricted during the period from 70 to 90 in leaf number index. 4. Effecfs of nitrogen top-dressing at full heading stage on nitrogen content in brown rice was more amplified in the case of upland conditions after heading and calcium basal dressing.

Process for preparing quick-cooking brown rice and the resulting product

Abstract: Brown rice is made quick-cooking, that is, cooking by 5 minutes of boiling in the home in contrast with the customary time of 30 to 40 minutes required for unprocessed brown rice, by a series of soaking and baking steps, with the last step having both baking and drying effects.

Classification of Lipids and Composition of Fatty Acids in Brown Rice

Abstract: (1) 供試された玄米は2.6%の脂質を含み, そのなかの中性脂質, 糖脂質およびリン脂質の割合は77.3: 9.8: 11.5であった。(2) 玄米の中性脂質として少なくも11種が認められた。そのうちトリグリセリドの量が圧倒的に多かった。(3) 玄米の糖脂質としては10種以上がみいだされた。そのうち主なものはアシルステリルグリコシド, ステリルグリコシドおよびセレブロシドであった。(4) 玄米のリン脂質として少なくも9種の存在がみられた。そのうちホスファチジルコリン, ホスファチジルエタノールアミンおよびホスファチジルイノシトールが主なものであった。(5) 玄米脂質は, 構成脂肪酸として少なくも9種を含んでいた。全脂質の場合, 主な構成脂肪酸は多い方から順にオレイン酸, リノール酸およびパルミチン酸であった。

Protein Contents of Developing and Mature Rice Grain

Abstract: 1. As a percentage of dry weight, the total nitrogen content of brown rice decreased notably after flowering on account of a rapid accumulation of carbohydrate in grain and showed minimum value at 20 days after flowering, then increased slightly until maturity. (fig. 1, 2, 3) Albumin and globulin contents decreased slowly toward maturity and prolamin content did not show a notable change during maturation. Glutelin content showed a similar change to that of total nitrogen content. 2. The amounts of albumin and globulin per grain increased during the former period and showed a slight decrease during the latter period of maturation. The amount of prolamin increased during the former period and did not change during the latter period. The amount of glutelin per grain showed a rapid increase during 28 days after flowering and increased slowly until maturity after that. The change of glutelin represented that of total nitrogen. (fig. 5) 3. The middle portion of brown rice was fractionated into bran, outer part and inner part as shown in fig. 6 and the weight of them were 9, 43 and 49% of the whole middle portion, respectively. Glutelin content was highest in the outer part and lowest in the inner part. Albumin, globulin and prolamin contents were highest in bran and lowest in the inner part. The total nitrogen content was highest in bran. (table 3) 4. The nitrogen contents in leaf-sheath and culm of rice plant during ripening period had a positive effect upon the nitrogen contents of brown and milled rice. The top-dressing of nitrogen at heading stage and the shading treatment during ripening raised the nitrogen content of rice plant. Consequently, the nitrogen contents of brown and milled rice were increased notably by these treatment. (fig. 7, table 6) 5. The small grains had higher protein content than the larger grains of same variety and the former had lower degree of milling than the latter. This relationship was also observed between the upland-cultured rice grains and the lowland-cultured rice grains. Probably, the high-protein grains are harder than the low-protein grains. (table 7)

Protein Content of Lowland Non-glutinous Brown Rice from Hokkaido

Abstract: In the previous paper on protein content of lowland non-glutinous brown rice, it was shown that the values of 5 samples in 1968 and 2 samples in 1969 from Hokkaido were higher than the average values of 250 samples in 1968 and 97 samples in 1969 from all over the country. In order to know the protein level of lowland non-glutinous brown rice from Hokkaido, 925 samples of 51 varieties (grade No.2: 26 samples, grade No.3: 266 samples, grade No.4: 447 samples and grade No.5: 186 samples) in 1970 were collected and investigated. The ranges of the protein content of grade No.2-5 on dry weight basis were 8.15-10.55, 7.59-11.82, 7.28-11.45 and 7.28-12.17%, respectively. The average values on grade No.2-5 were 9.50, 9.25, 9.32 and 9.52%, respectively. The protein value from Hokkaido is significantly higher, from a statistical standpoint, than that from all over the country in 1968, 1969 and 1970 with regard to the same grade brown rice. On the other hand, it was indicated that the variety and the producing district had an effect upon the protein value.

Protein variability in Malayan varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract: The protein contents of brown rice of fifty-nine varieties of rice cultivated in West Malaysia were found to lie in the range of 5.22 to 11.41 percent, with an overall mean of 8.41 percent. Protein contents of three popular Malayan varieties of rice, i.e. Bahagia, Mahsuri and Ria, grown at different locations in West Malaysia, varied considerably from location to location, but the variation in protein content was not large enough for the overall location effect to be statistically significant. Nitrogen fertilization at high dosage (70 lbs per acre and above) significantly increased the protein content of most of the varieties of rice studied. The varieties varied in their responses to nitrogen fertilization with respect to protein accumulation in the grains. Significant varietal(genotypic) differences were found with respect to protein content in the Malayan varieties of rice studied.

Protein Content of Brown Rice of Dwarf Lowland Variety

Abstract: The protein content of brown rice of dwarf lowland variety was investigated on 12 samples each grown in 1968 and 1969 (experiment 1). Further, the protein content of brown rice and the nitrogen content of each part of rice plant at heading and full ripe stages were investigated on 14 samples grown in 1969 (experiment 2). There was considerable variation in protein content of the same variety in experiment 1 and 2. The low kernel-weight variety in the samples showed a tendency of high protein content. With respect to the same cultural condition, the protein content was negatively correlated with thousand-kernel-weight on 1968 sample (experiment 1) and 1969 sample (experiment 2). In experiment 2, the protein content of brown rice was positively correlated with the nitrogen content of ear and leaf sheath+culm at heading stage. On the other hand. the thousand-kernel-weight was negatively correlated with the nitrogen content of ear at heading stage.