Showing papers on "Brown rice published in 2009"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted a pot experiment in four controlled-environment chambers with two levels of [CO2] (ambient, 380 ppm; and elevated, 680 ppm) and three levels of night temperature (22 and 32 8C).
182 citations
TL;DR: Predictive models or suitable soil tests are needed to evaluate the quality of soils to be used for rice cropping to identify soils where Cd in rice will exceed food quality standards.
180 citations
TL;DR: Findings suggest that the major QTL detected is responsible for the translocation of Cd from the roots to the shoots, which is important for food safety and for controlling Cd accumulation in brown rice.
Abstract: The trait of low cadmium (Cd) accumulation in brown rice (Oryza sativa) is important for food safety. An effective way to reduce Cd accumulation in the grain is to control Cd transfer from the roots to the shoots. Here, we investigated genotypic variation in the shoot Cd concentration among 146 accessions from a rice core collection and performed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis to determine the loci controlling shoot Cd accumulation. Furthermore, we physiologically characterized the two accessions used for QTL analysis. Large genotypic variation (13-fold) in the shoot Cd concentration was found. A major QTL was detected on chromosome 11 using a F2 population derived from Badari Dhan (a high-Cd accession) and Shwe War (a low-Cd accession). This QTL explained 16.1% of the phenotypic variation in Cd accumulation. Furthermore, this QTL was confirmed by analysis of advanced progeny. Physiological studies showed that Badari Dhan and Shwe War did not differ in uptake of Cd by the roots, but differed greatly in the translocation of Cd from the roots to the shoots. Taken together, our findings suggest that the major QTL detected is responsible for the translocation of Cd from the roots to the shoots.
130 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a protease treatment of brown rice batters was investigated in order to evaluate its impact on the textural and baking properties of BR bread, and protein analysis of batters revealed that the enzymatic treatment induced the release of low molecular weight proteins from macromolecular protein complexes.
128 citations
TL;DR: The isolates were susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested, but they were highly resistant to ampicillin, cefepime, oxacillin, and penicillin, while the genetic diversity and toxic potential differ among the strains isolated from cereals.
114 citations
TL;DR: Three types of Cd translocation and accumulation patterns demonstrated by NILs suggested that the accumulation ofCd in leaves and culms before heading, and translocation from them after heading are responsible for Cd accumulation in grain.
Abstract: Cadmium (Cd) translocation and accumulation in the grain and aerial plant parts of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important aspect of food safety and phytoextraction in areas with contaminated soil. Because control of Cd translocation and accumulation is likely to be determined by the plants genetics, the Cd contents of grain and the aerial parts of rice may be manipulated to improve food safety and for phytoextraction ability. This study studied Cd translocation and accumulation and their genetic control in aerial parts of rice to provide a starting point for improving food safety and phytoextraction in Cd-contaminated soils. In the japonica rice cultivar "Nipponbare", Cd accumulated in leaves and culms until heading, and in culms and ears after heading. Two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from indica cv. "Kasalath", qcd4-1 and qcd4-2, affect Cd concentrations in upper plant parts just before heading. Three near-isogenic lines (NILs) with qcd4-1 and qcd4-2 were selected from the "Nipponbare" background, and were analyzed for the effects of each QTL, and for interactions between the two QTLs. From the results compared between "Nipponbare" and each NIL, neither QTL influenced total Cd accumulation in aerial parts at 5 days after heading, but the interaction between two QTLs increased Cd accumulation. At 35 days after heading, qcd4-2 had increased Cd accumulation in the aerial plant parts and decreased translocation from leaves other than flag leaf, but interaction between the two QTLs increased translocation from leaves. NILqcd4-1,2 accumulated higher concentrations of Cd in brown rice than "Nipponbare". Three types of Cd translocation and accumulation patterns demonstrated by NILs suggested that the accumulation of Cd in leaves and culms before heading, and translocation from them after heading are responsible for Cd accumulation in grain. Cd translocation from roots to culms and ears after heading may direct Cd to the aerial organs without influencing brown rice accumulation.
101 citations
TL;DR: Proteins in brown rice (BR), white rice (WR) and rice bran (RB) were extracted from the same paddy rice and investigated for their components, functional properties and chemical characteristics by SDS-PAGE methodology.
99 citations
TL;DR: The principal component analysis indicated that the important variables for discriminating among GBRFs, explained by the first 2 components at 89.82% of total explained variance, were the pasting profiles, alpha-amylase activity, and free GABA.
Abstract: Germinated brown rice has been reported to be nutritious due to increased free gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The physicochemical properties of brown rice (BR) and glutinous brown rice (GNBR) after germination as affected by different steeping times (24, 36, 48, and 72 h depending on the rice variety) and pHs of steeping water (3, 5, 7, and as-is) were determined and compared to those of the nongerminated one (control). As the steeping time increased or pH of steeping water decreased, germinated brown rice flours (GBRF) from both BR and GNBR had greater reducing sugar, free GABA and alpha-amylase activity; while the total starch and viscosity were lower than their respective controls. GBRFs from both BR and GNBR prepared after 24-h steeping time at pH 3 contained a high content of free GABA at 32.70 and 30.69 mg/100 g flour, respectively. The peak viscosity of GBRF obtained from both BR and GNBR (7.42 to 228.22 and 4.42 to 58.67 RVU, respectively) was significantly lower than that of their controls (255.46 and 190.17 RVU, respectively). The principal component analysis indicated that the important variables for discriminating among GBRFs, explained by the first 2 components at 89.82% of total explained variance, were the pasting profiles, alpha-amylase activity, and free GABA.
81 citations
TL;DR: Genotypes from japonica and indica non-pigmented subspecies were not statistically distinguishable from each other, but differences in phenolic contents were associated with pericarp color.
75 citations
TL;DR: To replace nitromethylene pharmacophore with a nitroconjugated system, a series of novel neonicotinoid analogues bearing five-membered aromatic heterocycles were designed and synthesized and exhibited higher insecticidal activities than imidacloprid.
Abstract: To replace nitromethylene pharmacophore with a nitroconjugated system, a series of novel neonicotinoid analogues bearing five-membered aromatic heterocycles were designed and synthesized. Bioassays indicated that some of the synthesized compounds exhibited higher insecticidal activities than imidacloprid against cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora), armyworm (Pseudaletia separate Walker), Nephotettix bipunctatus (Fabricius), and small brown rice planthopper (Laodelphasx striatellus). Exhilaratingly, the activity levels of derivatives 13a and 13j rivaled that of imidacloprid.
74 citations
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: A primary reason for the development of refining wheat for white flour products is to establish a longer shelf life as mentioned in this paper. But, financial wealth does not equate to a wealth of health.
Abstract: 1 Abstract: Rice is a staple food for over half of the world's population. Today people are going for whole food, to the days our forefather had been eating. You hardly heard of cancer, heart attack and diabetics and so on. All these degenerative deceases in our present society are caused by the pollutants from within and without. White food, better known as refined carbohydrates was once a delicacy affordable only to the financially wealthy. However, financial wealth does not equate to a wealth of health. A primary reason for the development of refining wheat for white flour products is to establish a longer shelf life. Whole wheat flour left in sacks for long periods of time cause bugs to appear within it. In their natural form, whole grains contain natural nutrients vital to our health.
TL;DR: In this paper, high-temperature fluidized-bed drying technique in combination with tempering step was tested to alleviate the above-mentioned problems, and the results showed that the cooking and eating properties of the fluidized bed dried brown rice, i.e., hardness, solid loss, volume expansion and elongation ratio, changed in a similar fashion to those of the conventionally aged brown rice.
TL;DR: The uptake of AAs in agricultural soils by rice was investigated and phenylarsonic acid (PAA) and MPAA concentrations decreased and DMPAO concentration increased under the flooded conditions; however, their concentrations remained unchanged under the upland conditions.
Abstract: Chemical warfare agents containing aromatic arsenicals (AAs) such as Clark I (diphenylchloroarsine) are well-known, as is the risk of leakage from such munitions into the environment. We investigated the uptake of AAs in agricultural soils by rice. Methylphenylarsinic acid (MPAA) was detected in brown rice grown in contaminated soil. Dimethylphenylarsine oxide (DMPAO) and methyldiphenylarsine oxide (MDPAO) were detected in the straw but not in the grains grown in the contaminated soil. In the contaminated soil, phenylarsonic acid (PAA) and MPAA concentrations decreased and DMPAO concentration increased under the flooded conditions; however, their concentrations remained unchanged under the upland conditions. DMPAO was detected in the straw of the rice grown in PAA- or MPAA-amended soil but was not detected in that grown in a PAA- or MPAA-added solution culture. MDPAO was detected in the straw of the rice grown in diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA)-amended soil but was not detected in that grown in a DPAA-added s...
TL;DR: In this paper, brown rice kernels (japonica type) were soaked in water at different temperatures (25 or 50°C) before cooking to a moisture content of 20 or 30%.
Abstract: Brown rice kernels (japonica type) were soaked in water at different temperatures (25 or 50°C) before cooking to a moisture content of 20 or 30%. Soaked brown rice was cooked in either the soaking water (SW) or in distilled water (DW) (rice solids to water ratio 1:1.4). Color, texture, and in vitro digestive properties of the cooked rice were examined. When the soaking temperature was higher (50°C vs. 25°C), water absorption and starch leaching were greater. To reach 20% moisture, the rice required 1 hr of soaking at 50°C but 2 hr of soaking at 25°C. Both the moisture content of the soaked rice and the soaking temperature affected the texture of the cooked brown rice. Rice that attained 20% moisture content during soaking was harder and less adhesive when cooked compared with rice that attained 30% moisture content. The rice soaked at 50°C was slightly softer but more adhesive when cooked than rice soaked at 25°C. The soaking temperature and moisture content of the rice kernels also affected the ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between physical properties (length, width, thickness, aspect ratio, equivalent diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume, bulk density, true density, porosity and thousand seed weight) and degree of milling (DOM) and loss of selenium (Se) in 10 brown rice cultivars during milling process.
TL;DR: In this paper, the pasting properties and the retrogradation behavior of six traditional and five aromatic Italian rice varieties were analyzed by dynamic oscillatory rheological measurements for up to 7 days of storage at 4°C.
TL;DR: In this article, a natural fermentative medium for selenium-enriched yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) culture was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM).
Abstract: Natural fermentative medium for selenium-enriched yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) culture was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). The medium with a concentration of 15 μg/mL Na 2 SeO 3 , contained various ratios of juices from germinated brown rice (0.40 ∼ 0.80, 12 Brix), beerwort (0.10 ∼ 0.50, 12 Brix) and soybean sprout (0.10 ∼ 0.50, 12 Brix), which were optimized by applying d -optimal mixture design (DMD). The effects of their ratios on biomass yield and total selenium (Se) yield were analyzed. The results showed that when the mixed ratio of the components was 4:4:2 (v:v:v), the maximum value of biomass yield and total Se yield were 8.5 g/L and 3.53 mg/L, respectively. Verification experimental trials were performed for validating the models, and it indicated that the above mixture of these natural materials can be used as proper medium for the growth of selenium-enriched yeast and accumulation of Se.
TL;DR: The findings indicate that FBRA has chemopreventive effects specifically against inflammation-related tumorigenesis in the colon, and suggest that anti-inflammatory activity is one of the underlying mechanisms by which FBRA suppresses tumors in the Colon.
Abstract: Our previous study revealed that fermented brown rice and rice bran (FBRA) suppresses rat colorectal carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane, the colon-specific carcinogen. In the present study, we examined the suppressive effect of FBRA on colon carcinogenesis in ApcMin/+ mouse, a mouse model for human familial adenomatous polyposis. In contrast to previous findings with the carcinogen-induced model, administration of 5 and 10% FBRA had no effect on the tumor development in the colon of ApcMin/+ mice, suggesting that the modifying effects of FBRA on colorectal carcinogenesis are different depending on rodent models for colorectal carcinogenesis. However, when FBRA is administrated in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-exposed ApcMin/+ mouse, a mouse model for the inflammation-related colorectal carcinogenesis, FBRA significantly suppressed the multiplicity of colon tumors in comparison with control diet group. FBRA administration suppressed the cell proliferative index, which is accompanied by the significantly decreased mRNA expressions of Cox2 and iNos in colonic mucosa exposed to DSS (p<0.04 and 0.02, respectively). These findings indicate that FBRA has chemopreventive effects specifically against inflammation-related tumorigenesis in the colon. Our findings also suggest that anti-inflammatory activity is one of the underlying mechanisms by which FBRA suppresses tumorigenesis in the colon.
TL;DR: The results showed that Se content was highest in the sprouts and decreased remarkably from the bran layers to the endosperm, and significant difference was found among cultivars with respect to the capacity for Se accumulation.
Abstract: The goal of this paper was to study the accumulation of selenium (Se) in different cultivars of brown rice and its distribution in fractions. The results of the study showed that Se content in brown rice increased significantly (P 0.05) on germination percentage and growth of sprouts was observed when the supplied Se was lower than 60 micromol/L. Moreover, selenite was easily transformed into selenoproteins to selenate. Based on this, ten brown rice cultivars were compared for Se accumulation. Likewise, significant difference (P < 0.01) was found among cultivars with respect to the capacity for Se accumulation. To understand the distribution of Se in selenized brown rice and its loss during milling, two cultivars with relatively higher ability to accumulate Se, namely, Zhendao 8 (Z8) and Xieyou 57 (X57), were selected for further study. The results showed that Se content was highest in the sprouts and decreased remarkably (P < 0.01) from the bran layers to the endosperm. In terms of Se loss during the milling procedure, 39.02% and 48.46% of Se were lost in Z8 and X57, respectively.
TL;DR: In this article, a bath pasteurization at boiling water temperature for 15 and 30 min was adequate for microbiological safety, and the beverage viscosity was of the Newtonian standard behavior.
TL;DR: In this paper, three products (whole kernels and flour milled from white and brown rice; and bran, all from the same batch of variety Kenjian 90-31) were soaked in demineralized water at 10°C (SDW), NaAc buffer of pH 3.5 at 10ÂC (SAB), and 500 U L−1 phytase of pH 5.5 (SPS).
Patent•
09 Dec 2009
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided sausages added with cereal (the cereal comprises sticky rice, rice, unpolished rice, black rice, purple rice, oat, buckwheat, barley, wholemeal, brown rice and millet; the sausage are pork sausage, beef sausage, mutton sausage, chicken sausage, duck sausage and fish sausage).
Abstract: The invention provides sausages added with cereal (the cereal comprises sticky rice, rice, unpolished rice, black rice, purple rice, oat, buckwheat, barley, wholemeal, brown rice and millet; the sausages are pork sausage, beef sausage, mutton sausage, chicken sausage, duck sausage and fish sausage) and a production method thereof. 1. the product comprises the following materials by weight: 40-80% of animal meat, 5-20% of cereal and the products thereof, 10-20% of ice water mixture, 2-10% of animal (plant) fat, 0.1-0.3% of phosphate, 0.002-0.015% of sodium nitrite, 0.4-1.2% of salt, 0.5-5% of sugar, 0.1-0.5% of aginomoto, 0.5- 5% of soy sauce, 1- 8% of spice, 1-10% of starch, 0.1-0.5% of food gum, 0.5-2% of emulsifier, 0.2-2.0% of wine, 0.005-0.025% of edible pigment, 0.02-0.2% of sodium erythorbate, 0.01-0.8% of flavors and fragrances of meat (meat concentrate powder), 0.05-0.15% of preservative, and 0.001-0.005% of antioxidant; in a specific formulation, the sum of the weight percent of each component is 100%. 2. the processing method of the cereal sausages is as follows: choosing materials, preprocessing, mixing stuffing, placing, filling, drying, boiling, cooling, packaging, sterilizing, labeling, metal detecting, X-ray unit detecting, packing, and storing.
TL;DR: In both regions, the maternal alleles decreased nutrient contents, but they increased the yields of grain, brown rice, protein and fat, and implication for the breeding of rice varieties with enhancing nutritional capacity is discussed.
TL;DR: In the present study, mapping of quantitative trait locus (QTL) for five color parameters, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity was completed using a composite interval mapping approach using a doubled haploid (DH) population.
Abstract: Phytochemicals such as phenolics and flavonoids, which are present in rice grains, are associated with reduced risk of developing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. The phenolic and flavonoid compounds in rice grains also contribute to the antioxidant activity. Biofortification of rice grain by conventional breeding is one way to improve nutritional quality to combat nutritional deficiency. For improvement of the phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity, we must understand the genetic bases of the related traits. In the present study, mapping of quantitative trait locus (QTL) for five color parameters, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity was completed using a composite interval mapping approach using a doubled haploid (DH) population. Correlation analysis showed that the five color parameters lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), chroma (C), and hue angle (H°) were intercorrelated. The phenolic content was positively ...
TL;DR: Hokuriku 193 is an indica rice cultivar released in Japan in 2007 and is expected to be useful worldwide not only as a staple food but also as a raw material for whole-crop silage and bioethanol production.
Abstract: Hokuriku 193 is an indica rice cultivar released in Japan in 2007. It is characterized by a long panicle, a small number of panicles, a stiff culm, and a grain length typical of general indica rice cultivars. The mean brown rice yield of Hokuriku 193 was very high (7.65 t/ha) under experimental conditions during the period 1998 to 2005. The mean total air-dry weight was also very high at 20 t/ha. Hokuriku 193 is resistant to leaf and panicle blast and stripe virus and moderately resistant to bacterial leaf blast. It is expected to be useful worldwide not only as a staple food but also as a raw material for whole-crop silage and bioethanol production.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the life cycle of rice (well-and partially-milled, brown, and germinated brown rice) and compared it to the parboiled milled rice to determine if the environmental load from the life-cycle of rice can be reduced.
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: The Rapid Visco Amylograph (RVA) is the preferred instrument for determining the pasting properties of rice flour and rice starches as discussed by the authors, which has been used extensively in the past few decades.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Cultivated rice is a major world food crop. Rice varieties are distinguished by their amylose content. There are two basic types: common and waxy. Harvested rice grain is composed of the outer hull, the bran layer and the inner white starchy endosperm. Rice starch, rice proteins, rice syrups, rice dextrins, and rice hydrolyzates are finding increased use. All these ingredients are uniquely different from their corn-derived counterparts. Products based entirely on rice starch-based ingredients are stable commodities in the marketplace. Rice starch from white rice or brown rice exhibits unique properties as functional ingredients in many food categories. Rice starch is preferably prepared from broken rice for economic reasons. There are currently two commercial methods of rice starch isolation: traditional and mechanical. The traditional method involves alkali solubilization of rice protein, while the mechanical method releases starch via a wet-milling process. Traditionally, there have been basic properties associated with rice starch that have given it advantages over other starches. These characteristics include hypoallergenicity, digestibility, consumer acceptance, bland flavor, small granules, white color, greater freeze–thaw stability of pastes, greater acid resistance and a wide range of amylase:amylopectin ratios. The Rapid ViscoAmylograph (RVA) is the preferred instrument for determining the pasting properties of rice flour and rice starches. Factors affecting rice starch properties are also discussed in this chapter.
TL;DR: It was showed that wild rice lipids contain large amounts of nutraceuticals with proven positive health effects, including α isomer was the most abundant among tocopherols and tocotrienols.
Abstract: The content and composition of fatty acids, sterols, tocopherols, and γ-oryzanol in wild rice (Zizania palustris) grown in North America were compared with those in regular brown rice (Oryza sativa L.). The lipid content of wild rice ranged from 0.7 to 1.1%, compared with 2.7% in regular brown rice. The lipids of wild rice comprised mainly linoleic (35–37%) and linolenic (20–31%) acids. Other fatty acids included palmitic (14.1–18.4%), stearic (1.1–1.3%), and oleic (12.8–16.2%). Wild rice lipids contained very large amounts of sterols, ranging from 70 g/kg for a Saskatchewan sample to 145 g/kg for Minnesota Naturally Grown Lake and River Rice. The main sterols found in an unsaponified fraction were: campesterol (14–52%), β-sitosterol (19–33%), Δ5-avenasterol (5–12%), and cycloartenol (5–12%). Some of sterols, γ-oryzanols, were present as the phenolic acid esters; the amount ranged from 459 to 730 mg/kg in wild rice lipids. The largest amounts of tocopherols and tocotrienols, 3682 and 9378 mg/kg, were observed in North Western Ontario wild rice samples, whereas the lowest were 251 mg/kg in an Athabasca Alberta sample and 224 mg/kg in regular long-grain brown rice. The α isomer was the most abundant among tocopherols and tocotrienols. The results of this study showed that wild rice lipids contain large amounts of nutraceuticals with proven positive health effects.
TL;DR: The compiled data showed that TF values were higher in brown rice than in white rice because distribution patterns for elements were different in the bran and white parts of rice grains, and these values can be used to evaluate long-term transfer of long-lived radionuclides in the environment.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The main objective of present study was to investigate the �-aminobutyric acid (GABA), crude protein and total glutamic acid composition of Malaysian’s brown rice varieties and find a positive correlation between the concentration levels of protein and glutamic Acid.
Abstract: The main objective of present study was to investigate the �-aminobutyric acid (GABA), crude protein and total glutamic acid composition of Malaysian’s brown rice varieties Significant (p < 005) difference was observed among the content of GABA, crude protein and total glutamic acid of thirty five Malaysian’s brown rice varieties As shown in results, GABA contents in Malaysian brown rice seeds ranged between 001 and 01 (mg/g) The quantity of glutamic acid and protein contents varied between 101-152 (mg/g) and 699-1017 %, respectively A significant (p < 005) positive correlation (r² = 0820) exists between the concentration levels of protein and glutamic acid On the other hand, a significant (p < 005) positive correlation (r² = 0507) was also observed between the glutamic acid and GABA contents