Showing papers on "Brown rice published in 2019"
TL;DR: As the world faces environmental challenges, changing demographics and consumer demands, farmers, healthcare providers, food manufacturers and nutritionists must work collaboratively to assure adequate supply, nutritional integrity and sustainability of rice production systems globally.
Abstract: Rice, a staple food for more than half of the world's population, is grown in >100 countries with 90% of the total global production from Asia. Although there are more than 110,000 cultivated varieties of rice that vary in quality and nutritional content, after post-harvest processing, rice can be categorized as either white or brown. Regional and cultural preferences as well as need for stability during storage and transport are the final determinants of market availability and final consumption. In addition to calories, rice is a good source of magnesium, phosphorus, manganese, selenium, iron, folic acid, thiamin and niacin; but it is low in fiber and fat. Although brown rice is promoted as being "healthier" because of bioactive compounds, including minerals and vitamins not present in white rice after polishing, white rice is more widely consumed than brown. This is for several reasons, including cooking ease, palatability, and shelf life. Polished rice has a higher glycemic load and may impact glucose homeostasis but when combined with other foods, it can be considered part of a "healthy" plate. With the projected increase in the global population, rice will remain a staple. However, it will be important to encourage intake of the whole grain (brown rice) and to identify ways to harness the phytonutrients that are lost during milling. Furthermore, as the world faces environmental challenges, changing demographics and consumer demands, farmers, healthcare providers, food manufacturers and nutritionists must work collaboratively to assure adequate supply, nutritional integrity and sustainability of rice production systems globally.
134 citations
TL;DR: The objective of this work was to review the recent advances in research performed for purposes of evaluation of nutritional value and potential health benefits of the whole BR grain and present economic and environmental benefits for the consumption of whole BR instead of the polished or white rice.
Abstract: Obesity and chronic diet-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancers, and celiac are increasing worldwide. The increasing prevalence of these diseases has led nutritionists and food scientists to pay more attention to the relationship between diet and different disease risks. Among different foods, rice has received increasing attention because it is a major component of billions of peoples' diets throughout the world. Rice is commonly consumed after polishing or whitening and the polished grain is known a high glycemic food because of its high starch content. In addition, the removal of the outer bran layer during rice milling results in a loss of nutrients, dietary fiber, and bioactive components. Therefore, many studies were performed to investigate the potential health benefits for the consumption of whole brown rice (BR) grain in comparison to the milled or white rice (WR). The objective of this work was to review the recent advances in research performed for purposes of evaluation of nutritional value and potential health benefits of the whole BR grain. Studies carried out for purposes of developing BR-based food products are reviewed. BR safety and preservation treatments are also explored. In addition, economic and environmental benefits for the consumption of whole BR instead of the polished or WR are presented. Furthermore, challenges facing the commercialization of BR and future perspectives to promote its utilization as food are discussed.
125 citations
TL;DR: OsZIP7 plays an integral role in xylem loading in roots and inter-vascular transfer in nodes to preferentially deliver Zn and Cd to developing tissues and rice grains.
116 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the printability of brown rice and evaluated the effects of the three variables: nozzle size (0.84mm), perimeters (3, 5, 7), and infill densities (15, 45, 75%) on the quality attributes of 3D printed samples.
Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging technology that can be applied to processing of wide range of food products. The aim of this paper was to assess the printability of brown rice and evaluate the effects of the three variables: nozzle size (0.84 mm, 1.20 mm, 1.56 mm), perimeters (3, 5, 7), and infill densities (15%, 45%, 75%) on the quality attributes of 3D printed samples. The dimensional properties, height and diameter, were used to evaluate the printing precision, and the texture properties were assessed as hardness and gumminess. Results indicated that the printed samples matched the designed one reasonably well with some deviations in dimension induced by the three variables. The nozzle size and perimeters both have effects on the dimensional properties of 3D printed samples, and the infill density has no effect on that. With the decrease of nozzle size from 1.56 to 0.84 mm, both height and diameter of printed samples are more closely to the designed ones, which means smaller size of nozzle has a good performance on the dimensional properties of 3D printed samples. The texture properties (hardness and gumminess) were strongly related to infill density, followed by perimeters and nozzle size, while the nozzle size was thought to not only change the void rate, but also change the number of layers deposited which indirectly affected the texture characteristics. Besides, the printing time can be reduced a lot due to the decrease of void rate, which suggests a good way to improve the efficiency of printing and reduce the hardness through creating internal structure.
97 citations
TL;DR: Overexpression of OsHMA3 is a highly effective method to reduce Cd accumulation in Indica rice, producing rice grains that were almost Cd free with little effect on grain yield or essential micronutrient concentrations.
92 citations
TL;DR: After treatment with the optimal plasma conditions, the germination percentage, root length, and seedling height measurements of the most sensitive rice cultivar increased by 84%, 57%, and 69%, respectively, and there were no significant differences in the antioxidant activities of the GBRs and PGBRs.
71 citations
TL;DR: Results of this study suggest that it may be possible to cultivate upland rice in slightly Cd-polluted soils and Cd toxicity and accumulation in upland Rice can be minimized by optimizing the macro and micronutrient composition of the soil.
68 citations
TL;DR: The influence of atmospheric deposition on the soil-rice system in a typical urban agglomeration region was studied continuously through a field contrast experiment and showed that the Cd and Pb in rice grains is mainly from soil, but Cdand Pb from the atmospheric deposition should be a focus of attention.
67 citations
TL;DR: Investigation of the effects and mechanisms of a combined amendment of HZB on decreasing Cd and As accumulation in rice found it to reduce Cd accumulation and suppress As accumulation, and significantly increased rice grain yield.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this study, the TID values of the nine cooked cereal grains commonly consumed in China were used for the creation of a DIAAS database and thus gained public health outcomes.
Abstract: True ileal digestibility (TID) values of amino acid (AA) obtained using growing rats are often used for the characterisation of protein quality in different foods and acquisition of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) in adult humans. Here, we conducted an experiment to determine the TID values of AA obtained from nine cooked cereal grains (brown rice, polished rice, buckwheat, oats, proso millet, foxtail millet, tartary buckwheat, adlay and whole wheat) fed to growing Sprague-Dawley male rats. All rats were fed a standard basal diet for 7 d and then received each diet for 7 d. Ileal contents were collected from the terminal 20 cm of ileum. Among the TID values obtained, whole wheat had the highest values (P<0·05), and polished rice, proso millet and tartary buckwheat had relatively low values. The TID indispensable AA concentrations in whole wheat were greater than those of brown rice or polished rice (P<0·05), and polished rice was the lowest total TID concentrations among the other cereal grains. The DIAAS was 68 for buckwheat, 47 for tartary buckwheat, 43 for oats, 42 for brown rice, 37 for polished rice, 20 for whole wheat, 13 for adlay, 10 for foxtail millet and 7 for proso millet. In this study, the TID values of the nine cooked cereal grains commonly consumed in China were used for the creation of a DIAAS database and thus gained public health outcomes.
49 citations
TL;DR: This work highlights the effects of innovative processing technologies on the quality and functional properties of wholegrain brown rice in comparison with traditional approaches; and it is aimed at establishing a quantitative and/or qualitative link between physicochemical changes and high-efficient processing methods.
Abstract: Rice is a globally important staple consumed by billions of people, and recently there has been considerable interest in promoting the consumption of wholegrain brown rice (WBR) due to its obvious advantages over polished rice in metabolically protective activities. This work highlights the effects of innovative processing technologies on the quality and functional properties of WBR in comparison with traditional approaches; and it is aimed at establishing a quantitative and/or qualitative link between physicochemical changes and high-efficient processing methods. Compared with thermal treatments, applications of innovative nonthermal techniques, such as high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), pulsed electric fields (PEF), ultrasound and cold plasma, are not limited to modifying physicochemical properties of WBR grains, since improvements in nutritional and functional components as well as a reduction in anti-nutritional factors can also be achieved through inducing related biochemical transformation. Much information about processing methods and parameters which influence WBR quality changes has been obtained, but simultaneously achieving the product stabilization and functionality of processed WBR grains requires a comprehensive evaluation of all the quality changes induced by different processing procedures as well as quantitative insights into the relationship between the changes and processing variables.
TL;DR: The investigation of the impact of different inorganic Hg forms, including HgCl2, nano-particulated HgS (nano-HgS), Hg bound with dissolved organic matter (Hg-DOM), β-HGS, and α-hgS, on the production of MeHg in the soil during rice growing season improves the understanding of Mehg production in soil polluted with different HG forms, and the assessment of human health risks
TL;DR: The results demonstrated that the use of α-MnO2 nanorods in As polluted paddy soil containing low levels of background Mn oxides can be a promising remediation strategy.
TL;DR: In this paper, treatments of a lime application with or without zinc sulfate as basal fertilizer, a basal or tillering application of zinc sulfates, and basal stabilization using lime combined with a tillering applied of zinc sulphate were designed in a field trial to investigate their contributions to the uptake and translocation of Cd in rice plants.
TL;DR: The results indicate that Se effects are dose dependent, and the suitable amount of soil Se application for Se-enriched rice production would be <5 mg kg-1.
TL;DR: It is reported that Se amendment was still effective in reducing MeHg levels in paddy soil and rice grain after three years of aging and multiple applications of Se and biochar could be a novel remediation strategy to mitigate MeHG accumulation in rice.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper used four soil amendments (e.g., lime, biochar, soil conditioner, and seaweed organic fertilizer) combined with two rice cultivars (Yongyou17, YY-17; and Xiushui09, XS-09) to evaluate the efficacy of safe utilization in a slightly moderately Cd-contaminated paddy soil.
Abstract: In southern China, Cd-tainted rice produced in Cd-contaminated acidic paddy soils is a serious health concern. Thus, it is essential and urgent to remediate Cd-contaminated soils and reduce Cd accumulation in rice grains for food safety and human health. Four soil amendments (e.g., lime, biochar, soil conditioner, and seaweed organic fertilizer) combined with two rice cultivars (Yongyou17, YY-17; and Xiushui09, XS-09) with different Cd accumulation abilities were selected to evaluate the efficacy of safe utilization in a slightly moderately Cd-contaminated paddy soil. Results showed that soil amendments significantly increased soil pH and reduced Cd bioavailability compared with the control. Linear regression analysis showed that the decrease in Cd bioavailability was significantly and positively correlated with soil pH increase (P < 0.001). Soil amendments were efficient in reducing Cd uptake by rice root as well as translocation from root to aboveground plant parts. The Cd concentrations in brown rice of YY-17 and XS-09 were 0.34 and 0.22 mg kg−1 for control treatments, respectively, while the Cd concentrations of rice grain using were reduced by 45 to 88% and 55 to 88% soil amendments for two cultivars. Considering the costs and efficiency of soil amendments, the soil conditioner was the best amendment. In situ immobilization combined with low-Cd-accumulation rice cultivar is an effective approach for food safety in lightly moderately Cd-contaminated acidic paddy soils.
TL;DR: A possible pathway whereby OsPIL15 directly targets OsPUP7, affecting CTK transport and thereby influencing cell division and subsequent grain size is demonstrated, highlighting a useful genetic improvement leading to increased rice yield.
Abstract: As members of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor families, phytochrome-interacting factors regulate an array of developmental responses ranging from seed germination to plant growth. However, little is known about their roles in modulating grain development. Here, we firstly analyzed the expression pattern of rice OsPIL genes in grains and found that OsPIL15 may play an important role in grain development. We then generated knockout (KO) OsPIL15 lines in rice using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, the silencing expression of OsPIL15 led to increased numbers of cells, which thus enhanced grain size and weight. Moreover, overexpression and suppression of OsPIL15 in the rice endosperm resulted in brown rice showing grain sizes and weights that were decreased and increased respectively. Further studies indicated that OsPIL15 binds to N1-box (CACGCG) motifs of the purine permease gene OsPUP7 promoter. Measurement of isopentenyl adenosine, a bioactive form of cytokinin (CTK), revealed increased contents in the OsPIL15-KO spikelets compared with the wild-type. Overall, our results demonstrate a possible pathway whereby OsPIL15 directly targets OsPUP7, affecting CTK transport and thereby influencing cell division and subsequent grain size. These findings provide a valuable insight into the molecular functions of OsPIL15 in rice grains, highlighting a useful genetic improvement leading to increased rice yield.
26 Aug 2019
TL;DR: Cordyceps militaris concentrate and cordycepin exhibited significant anticancer effects through their ability to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells.
Abstract: Cordyceps militaris is a well-known medicinal mushroom. It is non-toxic and has clinical health benefits including cancer inhibition. However, the anticancer effects of C. militaris cultured in brown rice on breast cancer have not yet been reported. In this study, we simultaneously investigated the anticancer effects of cordycepin and an extract of C. militaris cultured in brown rice on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells using a cell viability assay, cell staining with Hoechst 33342, and an image-based cytometric assay. The C. militaris concentrate exhibited significant MCF-7 cell inhibitory effects, and its IC50 value was 73.48 µg/mL. Cordycepin also exhibited significant MCF-7 cell inhibitory effects, and its IC50 value was 9.58 µM. We applied network pharmacological analysis to predict potential targets and pathways of cordycepin. The gene set enrichment analysis showed that the targets of cordycepin are mainly associated with the hedgehog signaling, apoptosis, p53 signaling, and estrogen signaling pathways. We further verified the predicted targets related to the apoptosis pathway using western blot analysis. The C. militaris concentrate and cordycepin exhibited the ability to induce apoptotic cell death by increasing the cleavage of caspase-7 -8, and -9, increasing the Bcl-2-associated X protein/ B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bax/Bcl-2) protein expression ratio, and decreasing the protein expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in MCF-7 cells. Consequently, the C. militaris concentrate and cordycepin exhibited significant anticancer effects through their ability to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells.
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential of five commercially available plant protein extracts (pea protein isolate, soybean protein extract, brown rice protein, hemp protein and sunflower protein) as wall materials for the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying was investigated.
TL;DR: The suitability of germinated brown rice (GBR) for developing novel multifunctional yogurt-like products was evaluated in this paper, where the viability of the starter culture, acidification pattern, techno-functional properties, content of bioactive compounds [phenolic compounds, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and γ -oryzanol], biological activity [antioxidant and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities] and sensory attributes were evaluated.
Abstract: The suitability of germinated brown rice (GBR) for developing novel multifunctional yogurt-like products was evaluated. Crude brown rice, soaked brown rice and GBR for 48 h and 96 h were fermented (F-CBR, F-SBR, F-GBR48 and F-GBR96, respectively). The viability of the starter culture, acidification pattern, techno-functional properties, content of bioactive compounds [phenolic compounds, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and γ-oryzanol], biological activity [antioxidant and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities] and sensory attributes were evaluated. Fermentation did not modify proximate composition but improved phenolic and GABA contents as well as ACE-inhibitory activity and consistency index of yogurt-like products. Among them, F-GBR96 exhibited the highest phenolic (15.2 mg GAE/100 g) and GABA (1.9 mg/100 g) concentrations, antioxidant activity (46.9 μg TE/100 g) and ACE-inhibition (61.5%) and was well accepted by panellists.
TL;DR: Compared with the hammer-milled flour, jet milling increased in vitro starch hydrolysis and the RVA viscosity profiles of the fine fraction of the jet-mills GBR flour were significantly higher than those of the hammer -milled or the coarse fraction.
TL;DR: In this paper, the physicochemical properties of extruded-puffed brown rice obtained under different conditions were analyzed, showing that the puffed extrudates exhibited low bulk density, high water solubility index and higher surface area than the steam-cooked brown rice.
TL;DR: In this paper, a rice line designated D62B (Oryza Sative L.) accumulated a low Cd concentration in brown rice for safe consumption (< 0.2 ǫ kg−1).
Abstract: The selection and breeding of low grain-cadmium (Cd)-accumulating rices is a promising approach for reducing the Cd concentration in grains. A cadmium-safe rice line designated D62B (Oryza Sative L.) accumulated a low Cd concentration in brown rice for safe consumption (< 0.2 mg kg−1). D62B was a great potential breeding material with a weaker translocation capacity of Cd to shoot compared with common rice lines. A prior understanding of the Cd translocation mechanisms in D62B offered theoretical basis for breeding new low-Cd-accumulating rice cultivars in the future. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the changes of non-protein thiols in shoot and root of D62B in comparison with a common rice line (Luhui17), and then the relationship between the Cd translocation via xylem and organic acids in xylem sap of two rice lines was explored by a hydroponic experiment. D62B showed lower Cd translocated to shoot in comparison with Luhui17. The translocation factor (TF) of D62B varied from 0.11 to 0.15. Cd exposure promoted the synthesis of non-protein thiols in two rice lines, particularly in roots. Syntheses of glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs) in root of D62B were greater than those of Luhui17. Cd concentration in xylem sap of D62B was significant positively correlated with the malic acid, citric acid and tartaric acid concentrations. The citric acid and tartaric acid concentrations in xylem sap of D62B were significantly lower than those of Luhui17. There was no significant difference for malic acid between two rice lines. More GSH and PCs in root of D62B was beneficial to Cd retention in root. Furthermore, the involvement of lower citric acid and tartaric acid in Cd translocated in xylem sap of D62B resulted in lower Cd accumulation in shoot.
TL;DR: The results call the readers' attention to the potential impact of soil ameliorator on grain mineral uptake, and it is suggested that proper fortification with mineral fertilizers should be supplemented to assist sustainable rice production with improved mineral nutrition.
TL;DR: In this article, a field experiment on a total area of one hectare was conducted to evaluate the Cd removal efficiency from a contaminated acid paddy soil (pH 5.0, Cd 0.64, and 51.6) by repeated phytoextraction using the hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola from October to next June every year.
TL;DR: It is emphasized that a better understanding of the relationships between Cd and related mineral nutrient uptake would be helpful in developing more efficient measures to reduce rice grain Cd.
TL;DR: While P, K, Mn and Fe were predominantly located in bran layer, S, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, and Hg were present in both the bran and endosperm.
TL;DR: Among target PFAS compounds, perfluorocarboxylic acids were dominant and detected in all matrices, and perfLUorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the most predominant compound in brown rice and void water.
TL;DR: It is suggested that hydrothermal treatment of phenolic extracts of brown rice made some phenolic glycosides deglycosylated, but does not lead to a large reduction in their overall antioxidant activity.