Brown rice

About: Brown rice is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8180 publications have been published within this topic receiving 81079 citations.

Effects of wheat straw mulch application and nitrogen management on rice root growth, dry matter accumulation and rice quality in soils of different fertility

Abstract: The root is the most sensitive part of the plant. This study examined the effects of wheat straw mulch, nitrogen (N) management and soil fertility on rice root morphology, dry matter accumulation, grain yield and rice quality and explored the correlation between root morphology and rice quality indexes. Wheat straw mulch had an obvious inhibitory effect on rice root morphology, especially on the total root length and total root surface area at 20 days after transplanting in the high- and low-fertility soil. The low-fertility soil treatments had higher levels of inhibition. However, straw mulch significantly promoted root growth, increased dry matter accumulation in the subsequent growth periods and improved the grain yield and rice quality, which mainly reduced the percentage of chalky kernels and the chalkiness degree. Increasing the nitrogen fertilizer percentage applied as a basal or tillering fertilizer reduced the inhibition in the early growth period; for balanced rice root growth, dry matter accumulation, grain yield and rice quality, 30% as basal fertilizer, 30% as tillering fertilizer and 40% as panicle fertilizer were the best N management strategy. Correlation analysis showed that the rice quality was extremely significantly positively correlated (r = 0.30–0.59, P < 0.05) with the root morphology indexes of the brown rice and protein contents and was significantly or extremely negatively correlated (r = − 0.73 to − 0.28, P < 0.05) with the length–width ratio, percentage of chalky kernels, chalkiness degree and amylose content.

Synergistic effect of electrolyzed water and citric Acid against bacillus cereus cells and spores on cereal grains.

Abstract: The effects of acidic electrolyzed water (AcEW), alkaline electrolyzed water (AlEW), 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and 1% citric acid (CA) alone, and combinations of AcEW with 1% CA (AcEW + CA) and AlEW with 1% CA (AlEW + CA) against Bacillus cereus vegetative cells and spores was evaluated as a function of temperature (25, 30, 40, 50, or 60 degrees C) and dipping time (3 or 6 h) A 3-strain cocktail of Bacillus cereus cells or spores of approximately 10(7) CFU/g was inoculated in various cereal grains (brown rice, Job's tear rice, glutinous rice, and barley rice) B cereus vegetative cells and spores were more rapidly inactivated at 40 degrees C than at 25 degrees C Regardless of the dipping time, all treatments reduced the numbers of B cereus vegetative cells and spore by more than 1 log CFU/g, except the deionized water (DIW), which showed approximately 07 log reduction The reductions of B cereus cells increased with increasing dipping temperature (25 to 60 degrees C) B cereus vegetative cells were much more sensitive to the combined treatments than spores The effectiveness of the combined electrolyzed water (EW) and 1% CA was considerable in inhibiting B cereus on cereal grains The application of combined EW and CA for controlling B cereus cells and spores on cereal grains has not been previously reported Therefore, the synergistic effect of EW and CA may provide a valuable insight on reducing foodborne pathogens on fruits, vegetables, and cereal grains

Simultaneous determination of three acidic herbicide residues in food crops using HPLC and confirmation via LC-MS/MS.

Abstract: 2,4-D, dicamba and 4-CPA with auxin-like activity have been intensively used in agriculture, for the control of unwanted broadleaf weeds. An analytical method involving HPLC coupled with UVD was developed for the simultaneous analysis of these three analytes in Chinese cabbage, apple and pepper fruits (representative non-fatty samples) and brown rice and soybean (representative fatty samples) using liquid-liquid partitioning and column cleanup procedures. The residues were confirmed via tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in ion electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. The standard curves were linear over the range of the tested concentrations (0.25–10 µg/mL), as shown by a marked linearity in excess of 0.9999 (r2). The average recoveries (mean, n = 3) ranged from 94.30 to 102.63 in Chinese cabbage, from 94.76 to 108.47 in apple, from 97.52 to 102.27 in pepper, from 76.19 to 101.90 in brown rice, and from 74.60 to 107.39 in soybean. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were <9% in all tested matrices. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.006 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. Samples purchased from local markets were analyzed to evaluate the applicability of the methods developed herein. The concentration of the 2,4-D residue was measured at 0.102 mg/kg in the soybean sample; however, this level is exactly the same MRL set by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. This developed method deserves full and complete consideration, as it clearly displays the sensitivity, accuracy and precision required for residue analysis of 2,4-D, dicamba and 4-CPA in food crops. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Neuroprotective effects of germinated brown rice against hydrogen peroxide induced cell death in human SH-SY5Y cells.

Abstract: The neuroprotective and antioxidative effects of germinated brown rice (GBR), brown rice (BR) and commercially available γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) against cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells have been investigated. Results show that GBR suppressed H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity and induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, GBR reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and prevented phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation in SH-SY5Y cells, key features of apoptosis, and subsequent cell death. GBR exhibited better neuroprotective and antioxidative activities as compared to BR and GABA. These results indicate that GBR possesses high antioxidative activities and suppressed cell death in SH-SY5Y cells by blocking the cell cycle re-entry and apoptotic mechanisms. Therefore, GBR could be developed as a value added functional food to prevent neurodegenerative diseases caused by oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Total Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead Determination in Brazilian Rice Samples Using ICP-MS.

Abstract: This study is aimed at investigating a suitable method for rice sample preparation as well as validating and applying the method for monitoring the concentration of total arsenic, cadmium, and lead in rice by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Various rice sample preparation procedures were evaluated. The analytical method was validated by measuring several parameters including limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, relative bias, and repeatability. Regarding the sample preparation, recoveries of spiked samples were within the acceptable range from 89.3 to 98.2% for muffle furnace, 94.2 to 103.3% for heating block, 81.0 to 115.0% for hot plate, and 92.8 to 108.2% for microwave. Validation parameters showed that the method fits for its purpose, being the total arsenic, cadmium, and lead within the Brazilian Legislation limits. The method was applied for analyzing 37 rice samples (including polished, brown, and parboiled), consumed by the Brazilian population. The total arsenic, cadmium, and lead contents were lower than the established legislative values, except for total arsenic in one brown rice sample. This study indicated the need to establish monitoring programs for emphasizing the study on this type of cereal, aiming at promoting the Public Health.