Brown rice

About: Brown rice is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8180 publications have been published within this topic receiving 81079 citations.

Non-destructive and rapid evaluation of aflatoxins in brown rice by using near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopic techniques.

Abstract: The applicability of near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics was explored in this study to develop rapid, low-cost and non-destructive spectroscopic methods for classification and quantification of aflatoxins in brown rice. A total of 132 brown rice samples within the aflatoxin concentration range of 0–2435.8 μg/kg were prepared by artificially inoculated with A. flavus and A. parasiticus strains of fungus. For the classification of samples at varying levels of aflatoxin B1, the linear discriminant analysis model obtained correct classification rate of 96.9 and 90.6% for NIR and MIR spectroscopy, respectively. For the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and the total aflatoxins, partial least squares regression also showed good predictive accuracy for both NIR (r v = 0.936–0.973, RPD = 2.5–4.0) and MIR spectroscopy (r v = 0.922–0.970, RPD = 2.5–4.0). The overall results indicated that the two spectroscopic techniques offered the feasibility to be used as alternative tools for rapid detection of various aflatoxin contaminations in grain.

Volumetric Changes in Rice Kernels During Desorption and Adsorption

Abstract: Experiments were conducted to obtain information on volumetric changes of rough, brown, and milled rice due to changes in moisture content and temperature. Volumetric change of rough, brown, and milled rice was linearly related to changes in moisture content and temperature. For all three forms of rice kernels, the coefficients of cubical and linear hygroscopic expansion were higher during adsorption than during desorption. The coefficient of linear hygroscopic expansion of thickness was higher than that of length and width during desorption and adsorption; and it was higher for brown rice than for rough and milled rice during desorption. However, the coefficient of cubical thermal expansion was higher for milled rice than for brown and rough rice during desorption. Decrease in head yield ratio was correlated with rate of volumetric expansion of rough rice during adsorption.

Comparative analysis of the relationship between Cs and K in soil and plant parts toward control of Cs accumulation in rice

Abstract: The effect of soil exchangeable potassium (K) and cesium (Cs) levels on Cs uptake and accumulation in different parts of rice (Oryza sativa L) plants were examined using paddy soils with diverse exchangeable K and Cs in pot experiments Aboveground Cs uptake decreased with higher exchangeable K and was linearly correlated with exchangeable Cs/K ratios, indicating competitive absorption of these elements by roots Variation in Cs concentration in brown rice among soils was also related to the exchangeable Cs/K ratio The exchangeable Cs/K ratio was positively reflected in the Cs/K concentration ratio in each plant part, with a specific slope, suggesting that Cs transport was coordinated with K transport and that there were regulated discriminations of Cs against K in the translocation process among parts The Cs/K ratio was higher in brown rice and dead leaves than in active leaves, stems and husks The distribution of Cs accumulation in brown rice was 145% on average, but it was variable and neg

γ-Oryzanol, tocol and mineral compositions in different grain fractions of giant embryo rice mutants.

Abstract: Background Rice embryo is concentrated with lipid, protein and some bioactive chemicals. Two rice mutants IR64-GE and TNG71-GE (M7 generation) were characterised by an enlarged embryo compared with their wild types. In the present study, distributions of protein, lipid, total phenolics, γ-oryzanol, tocols and some essential minerals in these two giant embryo mutants and their respective normal embryo wild types IR64 and TNG71 were compared. Results The embryo dry weights of giant embryo mutants IR64-GE and TNG71-GE were 0.92 and 1.32 mg per seed respectively. These values were higher than those of their respective normal embryo genotypes (0.50 and 0.62 mg per seed). Large variations in protein, lipid, phenolic, γ-oryzanol, tocol and minerals levels were found between mutant and wild-type pairs. The brown rice of TNG71-GE had higher total γ-oryzanol (average of 24% increase) and total tocol (average of 75% increase) levels than TNG71, IR64 and IR64-GE. Conclusion The embryo and bran parts of giant embryo mutant TNG71-GE were found to be good sources of vitamin E and γ-oryzanol. Therefore it could be used to produce high-value by-products from milled embryo and bran parts and as a genetic resource for rice improvement programmes. TNG71-GE can also be used as a nutrient-fortified rice cultivar.

Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice suppresses IgE production by the modulation of Th1/Th2 balance in murine mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes.

Abstract: We compared the immunomodulating effects of Phellinus linteus (PL), germinated brown rice (BR) and P.␣linteus grown on germinated brown rice (PB) on IgE production in murine mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes. All extracts decreased IgE concentrations by 43–65% compared to control mice in both serum and MLN lymphocytes. In addition, PL and PB increased the proportion of CD4+ T cells by␣9% and 12% in MLN lymphocytes. IFN-γ concentration, Th1 cytokine, was significantly increased by 44–67%, whereas IL-4 and IL-10 concentrations, Th2 cytokine, significantly decreased by 30–60% in the three treated groups compared to control group. These results suggest that PB suppresses IgE production through the modulation of Th1/Th2 balance to down-regulate Th2 response in MLN lymphocytes, even though a synergistic effect of PB was not found.