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Showing papers on "Burnout published in 1983"



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a paper-and-pencil instrument is used to identify domains of burnout that are relatively consistent between people-intensive work and the broader range of activities found in a commercial enterprise.
Abstract: The term "burnout" represents a significant perspective on how people respond to their work, but the attention paid to this phenomenon has largely been clinical and often anecdotal In this article, the authors seek to expand the analysis of burnout in ways that permit comparative analysis, especially in large populations This study specifically addresses three questions First, does a paper-and-pencil instrument isolate domains of burnout that are relatively consistent between people-intensive work and the broader range of activities found in a commercial enterprise? Second, can we develop phases of progressive burnout? Third, can we test the efficacy of the burnout phases by searching for regularities in a panel of 22 variables commonly thought to tap the important facets of the work site? The author's analysis shows that we can answer these three central questions affirmatively, though occasionally with complex and potentially significant qualifications The results of the analysis provide further evidence of the usefulness of a convenient instrument for measuring burnout and also suggest that behavioral scientists will find valuable a phase model that distinguishes regular and robust covariation by using a panel of variables thought to tap the important aspects of organizational life

201 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A significant number of articles have been published concerning the teacher burnout phenomenon as discussed by the authors, which is caused by high levels of stress related to inordinate time demands, inadequate relationships, large class sizes, lack of resources, isolation, fear of violence, role ambiguity, limited promotional opportunities, and lack of support.
Abstract: In recent years, popular, professional, and scholarly journals and periodicals have carried a significant number of articles concerning the teacher burnout phenomenon. This phenomenon is described as “physical, emotional, and attitudinal exhaustion” and results in a significant decrease in teacher job satisfaction and performance. It is caused by high levels of stress related to inordinate time demands, inadequate relationships, large class sizes, lack of resources, isolation, fear of violence, role ambiguity, limited promotional opportunities, lack of support, etc. In addition to resulting in a number of emotional and physical illnesses, burnout manifests itself in increased job turnover and absenteeism, reduced job satisfaction, mental and physical withdrawal and detachment, increased inter- and intraindividual conflict, and a general reduction in individual and ultimately school performance. Some solutions which hold considerable promise for reducing this phenomenon are improved teacher status; rewarding ambition, commitment, motivation, and performance; job enrichment or redesign; preservice stress preparation; teacher conditioning; improved supervision and support; implementing quality circles; joint student-parent-teacher problem solving; and participatory team leadership.

141 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Burnout is defined as a state in which individuals expect little reward and considerable punishment from work because of a lack of valued reinforcement, controllable outcomes, or personal competence as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The burnout phenomenon, while widely acknowledged as an important issue among people-helping professionals, has to date been treated chiefly in anecdotal or descriptive reports that lack both precise theoretical foundations and substantial empirical support. Einsiedel and Tully criticize burnout research, maintaining that conceptual and operational definitions vary widely and that little effort has been expended to draw on more established literature to explain burnout. This paper proposes a new model of burnout, largely based on the work of Bandura. Burnout is defined as a state in which individuals expect little reward and considerable punishment from work because of a lack of valued reinforcement, controllable outcomes, or personal competence. The burnout literature is briefly reviewed and grouped according to the categories of the proposed burnout model.

116 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The factor structures of the original 25-item inventory for a homogeneous population of 710 public school teachers from two states data were factor analyzed using principal factoring with iteration and the resulting factor structure was consistent with the original factor structure scaling.
Abstract: There is evidence that the original Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales may be improved by tailoring the factor structure and norms for individual professions within the original group To determin

90 citations


01 Mar 1983
TL;DR: Precarious socialization programs are suggested as a way of preventing "reality shock" from sending idealistic new employees with unrealistic expectations about a job into burnout.
Abstract: Burnout, a condition that is affecting an increasing number of employees in industry today, can transform top-performing employees into indifferent, frequently absent, ineffective workers. What can human resources managers do to help prevent burnout among employees? Authors Susan E. Jackson, assistant professor of organizational psychology in the psychology department at the University of Maryland, and Randall S. Schuler, associate professor of personnel and human resources management in the department of management at New York University, suggest three specific approaches to preventing burnout. One of these, anticipatory socialization programs, is a way of preventing "reality shock" from sending idealistic new employees with unrealistic expectations about a job into burnout. The philosophy underlying anticipatory socialization programs holds that reality shock should be experienced before the individual begins his or her first full-time job- and, further, that it should be experienced in a context that permits and encourages the development of constructive strategies for coping with the unexpected reality.

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a theory into practice approach towards understanding and alleviating teacher burnout is presented. But it does not address the impact of stress on students' academic performance on their academic performance.
Abstract: (1983). Toward understanding and alleviating teacher burnout. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 22, Coping with Stress, pp. 27-32.

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A three-part self-report questionnaire, which incorporated portions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, was used to assess the degree of burnout among 111 instructors of moderately retarded children, 133 teachers of mildly retarded students and 218 regular educators.
Abstract: A three-part self-report questionnaire, which incorporated portions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, was used to assess the degree of burnout among 111 instructors of moderately retarded children, 133 teachers of mildly retarded students and 218 regular educators Contrary to expectations, teachers of nonretarded students reported significantly fewer and weaker feelings of success and competence accompanied by more frequent and stronger impersonal attitudes toward their students Demographic variables were found to be significant but weak predictors of teacher burnout The teachers also reported a low incidence of chronic or serious health problems Comparisons were presented between regular and special educators in addition to suggestions for stress reduction

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Burnout seemed to be prevented when staff members made an expectation shift from reliance on client progress to a sense of personal efficacy, which may be a function of the ethic of community care for the developmentally disabled.
Abstract: Psychological burnout was assessed in staff members at workshops and community residences for the developmentally disabled. Participants also rated expectations for client progress and for their own contribution to clients. They reported on change in expectation since they entered the field. High expectations were related to low burnout; workers who reported experiencing large negative expectation change were most burned out. Burnout seemed to be prevented when staff members made an expectation shift from reliance on client progress to a sense of personal efficacy. This finding is discussed in terms of personal causation, internal control of reinforcement, and adaptation-level theory. There was little evidence of client depersonalization, a usual component of burnout. Such a burnout pattern may be a function of the ethic of community care for the developmentally disabled.

81 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The conclusion that burnout represents a health risk to teachers in this study has implications for school health personnel who have experience in educating people about physiological and psychological factors that threaten health.
Abstract: Recent literature indicates teachers experience considerable stress in the workplace, and that such stress is associated with an increased frequency of physical illnesses and somatic complaints. This study was conducted to identify the relationship between reported levels of stress and somatic complaints and selected illnesses. The Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Teacher Somatic Complaints and Illness Inventory were distributed to 428 teachers in public schools in Southern Illinois. The MBI yields data allowing classification of teachers into two groups according to degrees of work related stress. A discriminant analysis was performed to examine the ability to discriminate between these groups based on their reported patterns of somatic complaints and illnesses. More than 11% of those responding to the study were classified as burned out according to conservative criteria for classification. The conclusion that burnout represents a health risk to teachers in this study has implications for school health personnel. Since school health personnel have experience in educating people about physiological and psychological factors that threaten health, and have experience in motivating individuals to take positive action regarding their health, they can provide teachers with information and skills to cope with occupational stress.

76 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results show that occupational therapists working in the psychosocial area have significantly more burnout on the measure of frequency of feelings of personal accomplishment than do those working in paediatric or physical rehabilitation areas.
Abstract: Burnout is a stress which may affect an health all health professionals. In this paper its process, causes and characteristics in various health professions are outlined. A survey of burnout in Australian occupational therapists was conducted. The results show that occupational therapists working in the psychosocial area have significantly more burnout on the measure of frequency of feelings of personal accomplishment than do those working in paediatric or physical rehabilitation areas. These feelings are related to specific differences in job characteristics. Implications for prevention of burnout are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define the syndrome of burnout and discuss some of the professional and personal hazards that confront the practicing counselor when they are working with adolescents and young adults.
Abstract: This article defines the syndrome of burnout and discusses some of the professional and personal hazards that confront the practicing counselor.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The purposes of the study were to determine the correlations between scores on the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Tedium Measure and to correlate these measures with job satisfaction and health problems and to suggest which one of these two leading measures of burnout has the greatest utility.
Abstract: Summwy.-The purposes of the study were to determine the correlations between scores on the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Tedium Measure and to correlate these measures with job satisfaction and health problems. These relationships might suggest which one of these two leading measures of burnout has the greatest ut~l~ry in future research. 78 diiea service workers in mental health and mental retardation settings participated. Tedium correlated significantly with the six burnout subscales. It also correlated significantly with job satisfaction and health problems. Only the emotional exhaustion intensity subscale of the Maslach inventory correlated significantly with job satisfaction and health problems. The Tedium Measure is an economical instrument for measuring burnout and has significant correlations with criterion variables. The Maslach scales may be more useful in investigating patterns as well as stages of burnout and in situations involving interactions with moderator variables. Numerous definitions and conceptualizations of burnout exist but most inlply that it is a process of professional disengagement from work in response to stress and strain in the work or work environment (Cherniss, 1980). More popularly, burnout is defined as physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion; the depletion of one's resources (Maslach & Jackson, 1981b; Pines, Aronson, & Kafry, 1981). Burnout has received considerable attention in the professional literature since the mid-1970's. Relationships between burnout and other variables have been explored. Pines and Kafry (1978) showed that tedium (burnout') was negatively correlated with indices of job satisfaction and positively. correlated with a desire to leave the job, and development of negative attitude; toward clients in social service settings. Burnout has also been related to family and marital problems, insomnia, and increased use of-alcohol and drugs (Maslach & Jackson, 1979; Jackson & Maslach, 1982) in mental health and in police work. In a literature review Savicki and Cooley (1982) state that burnout has been related to chronic fatigue, lower resistance to illness, complaining, absenteeism, and quitting the job or profession in a variety of professions and settings. Numerous articles focus on measurement of burnout. Miller and Potter ( 1982), studied burnout in speech-language pathologists by asking their sample, "To what degree do you consider yourself experiencing professional burnout as previously defined?". Clark (1980), writing in the areas of nursing and nursing administration, developed two questionnaires for self-assessment of. job stress and of organizational environment contributions to burnout. McConnell (1981) lists a burnout index of 24 items on physical, interpersonal and be

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This descriptive, correlational study investigated the relationship between selected variables and the degree of burnout experienced by nurses with a master's degree in nursing who were functioning in the role of an oncology clinical nursing specialist (OCNS).
Abstract: :This descriptive, correlational study investigated the relationship between selected variables and the degree of burnout experienced by nurses with a master's degree in nursing who were functioning in the role of an oncology clinical nursing specialist (OCNS). The selected variables were ca


Book
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The NASW Code of Ethics References Index as discussed by the authors discusses the role of authority and structure in supervising a clinical supervisor in social work practice, and assess scale for Becoming a Clinical Supervisor.
Abstract: Preface 1. Introduction 2. History of Supervision 3. Supervisor Styles 4. Practitioners' Reactions to Supervisor Styles 5. Technique in Supervision 6. The Role of Authority and Structure 7. Use of Theory 8. Evaluation of Practice 9. Combating Burnout 10. Audiovisual and Action Techniques 11. Supervision in Different Settings and Unique Situations 12. Art and Science in Social Work Practice Appendix 1. Assess Scale for Becoming a Clinical Supervisor Appendix 2. Supervision Questionnaire Appendix 3. Burnout Questionnaire Appendix 4. Practitioner Self-Assessment Form Appendix 5. The NASW Code of Ethics References Index

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify and explain many pitfalls and sources of error in developing theory and research about burnout, and discuss the methodologies most likely to yield solid, usable information for practitioners.

Journal Article

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an alternative model based on the assumption that energy is highly expendable is offered, which is similar to the one we consider in this paper, but with a different theoretical foundation.
Abstract: Discussions of burnout generally offer little explicit theoretical foundation, but most seem to assume an energy scarcity model. An alternative model based on the assumption that energy is highly expendable is offered here.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest that the most dedicated, competent, and productive staff members are perhaps the most vulnerable to burnout, and the idiosyncratic nature of stress at work which decreases the likelihood of finding a few variables which act as “common causes” of burnout.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The involvement of the Psychiatric Liaison Service on the five nursing units is described and discussed as a possible method for providing psychosocial support to the nurses and reducing high turnover rates.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined relationships between three personal characteristics of special education teachers-amount of teaching experience, amount of training, and age-and job-related burnout and found that more experienced, more highly trained, and older teachers tend to experience less emotional exhaustion, less depersonalization toward their students, and greater feelings of personal accomplishment in their jobs than their less experienced, less trained, younger colleagues.
Abstract: Relationships between three personal characteristics of special education teachers-amount of teaching experience, amount of training, and age—and job-related burnout are examined in this article. Data drawn from a survey of 601 teachers of exceptional children indicate that more experienced, more highly trained, and older teachers tend to experience less emotional exhaustion, less depersonalization toward their students, and greater feelings of personal accomplishment in their jobs than their less experienced, less trained, younger colleagues.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The results of the analysis provide further evidence of the usefulness of a convenient instrument for measuring burnout and suggest that behavioral scientists will find valuable a phase model that distinguishes regular and robust covariation by using a panel of variables thought to tap the important aspects of organizational life.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Healthcare professionals should be aware of this phenomenon as well as their own attitudes and ap proaches toward the patient when considering patient burn out.
Abstract: Patients, as well as healthcare pro fessionals, can suffer from "burnout." The author suggests that the constant stress and frustration of diabetes man agement can lead to "patient burn out. " When considering patient com pliance healthcare professionals should be aware of this phenomenon as well as their own attitudes and ap proaches toward the patient.