Showing papers on "Burnout published in 1988"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that high burnout was related to diminished organizational commitment, which was also related to aspects of the interpersonal environment of the organization, and that frequent contact with personnel in the organization is related to the development of burnout at each stage.
Abstract: Summary Organizational commitment and burnout were related to interpersonal relationships of nurses in a small general hospital. Regular communication contacts among personnel were differentiated as supervisor or coworker contact, and these categories were further differentiated into pleasant and unpleasant contacts. The results were consistent with a view of burnout in which emotional exhaustion leads to greater depersonalization which subsequently leads to diminished personal accomplishment. Interpersonal contact with personnel in the organization was related to the development of burnout at each stage. Patterns of pleasant and unpleasant contacts with supervisors and coworkers were related to the three aspects of burnout in a distinct manner. High burnout was related to diminished organizational commitment, which was also related to aspects of the interpersonal environment of the organization. The results are discussed in the context of a comprehensive approach to psychological adjustment to a worksetting.
1,461 citations
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: From the combination of knowledge and actions, someone can improve their skill and ability and this will lead them to live and work much better.
Abstract: From the combination of knowledge and actions, someone can improve their skill and ability. It will lead them to live and work much better. This is why, the students, workers, or even employers should have reading habit for books. Any book will give certain knowledge to take all benefits. This is what this career burnout causes and cures tells you. It will add more knowledge of you to life and work better. Try it and prove it.
1,071 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new model of occupational stress developed by Robert Karasek incorporates control and socialization effects and has successfully predicted the development of heart disease and psychological strain, and the results support the hypothesis that reported job strain (job dissatisfaction, depression, psychosomatic symptoms) and burnout is significantly higher in jobs that combine high workload demands with low decision latitude.
Abstract: Models of occupational stress have often failed to make explicit the variable of control over the environment, as well as the role of job socialization in shaping personality characteristics and coping behaviours. This neglect has helped maintain the focus of stress reduction interventions on the individual. A new model of occupational stress developed by Robert Karasek incorporates control and socialization effects and has successfully predicted the development of heart disease and psychological strain.
A survey instrument derived from the model was distributed to 771 hospital and nursing home employees in New Jersey, and 289 (37.5 per cent) were returned. Respondents did not significantly differ from non-respondents by age, sex, job tenure, union membership status, job satisfaction, job perceptions and attitude towards employer and union.
The results support the hypothesis that reported job strain (job dissatisfaction, depression, psychosomatic symptoms) and burnout is significantly higher in jobs that combine high workload demands with low decision latitude. This association remained significant after controlling for age, sex, education, marital status, children, hours worked per week and shift worked. Other job characteristics (job insecurity, physical exertion, social support, hazard exposure) were also associated with strain and burnout.
The survey instrument also identified high strain jobtitles in the surveyed workplaces. The results are discussed in relation to directions for future research, research on stress in nursing, and approaches to stress reduction.
526 citations
271 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the phase model of burnout and propose a methodology for measuring the human costs of Burnout, including physical symptoms and the phases of the burnout process.
Abstract: Introduction Motivators, Challenges, and Conventions Concerning Measurement: Introducing the Phase Model of Burnout Organizational Features at Site B Associated with Burnout: Worksite Descriptors and the Phase Model Replications of the Site B Profile: A Basic Pattern and Some Differences Human Costs of Burnout: Physical Symptoms and the Phases System Costs of Burnout: Performance, Productivity, and the Phases The Magnitude of the Burnout Problem: Perspectives on Sequence, Incidence, and Persistence Four Possible Contributors to Burnout: Early Runs of the "Maze of Causality" Initiatives for Research: Extrapolations from Phase Model Findings, I Orientations to Intervention: Extrapolations from Phase Model Findings, II Bibliography Index
243 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the role of communicative responsiveness, empathic concern, and emotional contagion as precursors to burnout among human service workers is considered, and a causal model of the burnout process is tested with data from employees at a large psychiatric hospital.
Abstract: This research considers the role of communicative responsiveness, empathic concern, and emotional contagion as precursors to burnout among human service workers. Theory and research drawn from the areas of stress and burnout, empathy, and patient‐doctor communication are used to formulate a causal model of the burnout process. The model is tested with data from employees at a large psychiatric hospital. The results indicate that empathic concern leads to communicative responsiveness but that emotional contagion decreases responsiveness. Communicative responsiveness, in turn, leads to the prediction of three dimensions of burnout and occupational commitment. The implications of the model for theory and practice are discussed.
238 citations
233 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Noise-induced occupational stress was positively related to burnout as measured by Jones's Staff Burnout Scale for Health Professionals and the emotional exhaustion subscale of Maslach's Burnout Inventory, and nurses with intrinsic sensitivity to noise were no more at risk for burnout linked with noise-induced stress than were less sensitive nurses.
212 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present information on a study which investigated how the leadership behavior of a large number of supervisors, as measured by consideration and initiating structure scales, was relate to organizational performance.
Abstract: The article presents information on a study which investigated how the leadership behavior of a large number of supervisors, as measured by consideration and initiating structure scales, was relate...
176 citations
TL;DR: This paper formulated a model for studying teacher burnout that focused on both individual and environmental factors believed to be implicate in the cause of burnout, and applied it to the study of teacher stress.
Abstract: Building on previous work in education and the social sciences, we formulated a model for studying teacher burnout that focused on both individual and environmental factors believed to be implicate...
162 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model predicting burnout among human service workers in terms of their social involvement with coworkers and their job satisfaction is presented as a step toward recognizing the rich diversity of social contact occurring in health service settings.
Abstract: This study explores a model predicting burnout among human service workers in terms of their social involvement with coworkers and their job satisfaction. The model is presented as a step toward recognizing the rich diversity of social contact occurring in health service settings. The results were consistent with expectations that burnout would be higher for workers who communicated extensively regarding work, but maintained relatively few informal, supportive relationships with cowork ers. The model included job satisfaction in conjunction with the communication variables as predictors of burnout. The results are discussed as having relevance to the development of peer supervision procedures in mental health settings. Methods of clarifying departures from the model are discussed.
TL;DR: This article examined factors contributing to burnout in women and men teachers and found that men were significantly higher than women on one of the Maslach burnout subscales (depersonalization) and that women experienced significantly more depression, headaches, and role conflict than their male counterparts.
Abstract: This paper examines factors contributing to burnout in women and men teachers. Results indicated that men were significantly higher than women on one of the Maslach burnout subscales—depersonalization. Additional results showed that women experienced significantly more depression, headaches, and role conflict than their male counterparts. Multiple regression results indicated that 47% of the variation in burnout was accounted for by a model of burnout that included role conflict, marital satisfaction, work sources of stress, and social support in women. But in men, the main contributor to burnout was sources of stress including doubts about competence and problems with students. The results are discussed from a gender role perspective that takes account of the differential implications of gender roles for women and men.
TL;DR: In this article, the implicit assumptions underlying current research into occupational stress and burnout are examined and the authors suggest that both fields could be strengthened by incorporating more sociological concepts and developing analyses of the effects which discrepancies between the manifest and latent functions and surface and deep structures of organizations have on the individual's subjective experiences of work.
Abstract: This article examines the implicit assumptions underlying current research into occupational stress and burnout. It argues that the two fields utilize similar theoretical models and research techniques and therefore have a number of problems in common. These problems arise from their common tendency to adopt a psychological perspective which pays insufficient attention to the complexity of the interrelationship between social conditions and subjective experience. The article suggests that both fields could be strengthened by incorporating more sociological concepts and developing analyses of the effects which discrepancies between the manifest and latent functions and surface and deep structures of organizations have on the individual's subjective experiences of work. The value of such analyses is illustrated with three examples of empirical research utilizing this perspective.
TL;DR: In this article, a questionnaire study designed to address the problem of professional burnout among elementary, junior high, and high school teachers in a large metropolitan public school system was conducted.
Abstract: This was a questionnaire study designed to address the problem of professional burnout among elementary, junior high, and high school teachers in a large metropolitan public school system. Subjects were 939 teachers in the San Diego Unified School District who responded to a new questionnaire that assessed various aspects of teachers and their jobs including demographic variables, teaching climate, job stress, and dissatisfaction, psychological effects of burnout, and related physical symptoms. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the San Diego Teachers Association.Results indicated that there is wide variation in the degree of burnout teachers experience. No differences were found in susceptibility to burnout due to demographic variables such as age, sex, grade level, subject taught, or years of experience. Certain characteristics of teaching climate associated with high and low levels of burnout were identified. Those specific stressors that most affected teachers and those that were mos...
TL;DR: The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is a widely used measure of three specific aspects of the burnout syndrome-namely; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is a widely used measure of three specific aspects of the burnout syndrome-namely; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. It is rapidly becoming a valued tool in assessment of perceived burnout in human service professionals. Although its reliability and validity are well established, its factor structure is not. In previous studies different researchers have found very different factor solutions. In the present study this problem was solved by principal components analysis of previously published American data and New Zealand data, followed by three- and four-factor varimax rotations. The outcome produced a clear, replicable three-factor solution consistent with that of the MBI authors' descriptions. No replicable four-factor structure was found.
TL;DR: It was concluded that nursing burnout is both an organizational and a personal problem, and work relationships and tension-releasing and instrumental problem-focused coping were the most powerful predictors of burnout.
TL;DR: Although personality factors were more predictive than demographic and situational variables of the variability in burnout among residents in the sample, the variables shared across the sample--long hours, little time for leisure activities and social contact, and compulsive personality characteristics--may contribute to the moderate level of burnout shared by these residents.
Abstract: Burnout among 67 residents in four family practice training programs was explored. The residents' scores on the emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of accomplishment subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory were used to assess burnout. These scores were examined in relation to situational and background measures, two personality instruments (the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator), and to regrets about career decisions. Few significant relationships were found between the background and situational factors and the burnout scores, but numerous relationships were found among personality measures, burnout scores, and measures of regret. The pattern of these relationships indicates the importance of interpersonal comfort and skills in mitigating burnout. Although personality factors were more predictive than demographic and situational variables of the variability in burnout among residents in the sample, the variables shared across the sample--long hours, little time for leisure activities and social contact, and compulsive personality characteristics--may contribute to the moderate level of burnout shared by these residents.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relative effect of three sets of variables, namely, organizational characteristics, task characteristics, and extraorganizational variables, on job satisfaction and burnout.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effect of three sets of variables, namely, organizational characteristics, task characteristics, and extraorganizational variables, on job satisfaction and burnout. A total of 266 prison guards from four prison facilities in Israel were administered questionnaires containing scales of intraorganizational conflict, ambiguity, management support, and task charac teristics, as well as measures of family role conflict, community support and appreciation of the employee's job, job satisfaction, and burnout. The results suggest that both intraorganizational variables and external variables account significantly for the two criteria. Extraorganizational support and appreciation was the single best correlate of job satisfaction, while management support was the major correlate of burnout. The results are discussed in terms of their practical implications for organizational diagnosis and intervention, and in particular the importance of dealing with extraorgani...
TL;DR: The Health Professions Stress Inventory was constructed and administered via a mail questionnaire to a large group of practicing physicians, pharmacists, and nurses and possessed suitable internal consistency, as measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
Abstract: An instrument was developed to assess the levels and sources of stress experienced by health professionals. Based on a review of the literature, the Health Professions Stress Inventory was construc...
TL;DR: Results revealed that higher burnout scores were significantly correlated with a number of standard and special MMPI scales measuring low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy, dysphoria and obsessive worry, passivity, social anxiety, and withdrawal from others.
Abstract: Utilizing a prospective design, this study addressed the question of whether vulnerability to burnout among physicians is associated with certain longstanding, maladaptive personality tendencies that predate entrance into medical training and subsequent exposure to the intrinsic stresses of medical practice. Subjects were 440 practicing physicians whose personality traits and psychological adjustment had been assessed with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) shortly before entering medical school who were followed up by mail questionnaire an average of 25 years later to evaluate current symptoms of burnout with the Tedium scale. Results revealed that higher burnout scores were significantly correlated with a number of standard and special MMPI scales measuring low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy, dysphoria and obsessive worry, passivity, social anxiety, and withdrawal from others. In contrast, burnout scores exhibited no significant associations with demographic or practice...
TL;DR: Cross-sectional results were consistent with a model in which social support on the job influences positive health only through its direct and negative effect on burnout symptoms, but such causal connections were not validated longitudinally.
Abstract: Six theoretical models of social support in relation to perceived job stress, burnout, and health were tested both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Participants at Time 1 were state correctional officers (N = 262) who completed questionnaires in which multiple indicators of each construct were assessed. Time 2 participants (N = 177) were those officers from the Time 1 sample who completed the questionnaire again three months later. Structural equation analyses revealed that only one of the six models was supported by cross-sectional results. In this model a direct negative relationship between the WORKPLACE SOCIAL SUPPORT and BURNOUT latent variables was specified, along with direct, positive relationships between the JOB STRESS and BURNOUT latent variables and the BURNOUT and POOR HEALTH latent variables. However, none of the six models was supported by the longitudinal results. Thus, cross-sectional results were consistent with a model in which social support on the job influences positive health only through its direct and negative effect on burnout symptoms, but such causal connections were not validated longitudinally.
TL;DR: Results of this study indicate that use of the aggregate norms would underestimate the level of experienced burnout, and the need to develop specific norms for occupational therapists is supported.
Abstract: Burnout is a job-related condition involving feelings of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1981a) is the instrument most widely used to measure job-related stress in human service professions, such as occupational therapy. This study explored the application of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for use with occupational therapists. The subjects were 99 registered occupational therapists residing in the southeastern United States. Mean scores lower than the aggregate occupational norms provided by the test's authors on the Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization subscales supported the need to develop specific norms for occupational therapists. Results of this study indicate that use of the aggregate norms would underestimate the level of experienced burnout. Correlational analyses delineated significant relationships between age and Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, education and Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, years of work as an occupational therapist and Depersonalization and Personal Accomplishment, years in the present position and Personal Accomplishment (intensity only), hours of direct patient contact and Emotional Exhaustion (intensity only), and hours of direct patient contact and Depersonalization (frequency only). These correlates of burnout furnish clues for understanding the development of work-related stress in occupational therapists.
TL;DR: A majority of students experienced a increase in burnout symptoms and an increase in frequency of alcohol use during their educational years and these behaviors were related to a lack of social support and external attribution style.
Abstract: This exploration of stress-related disorders among nursing students employed a longitudinal cohort design over a period of two academic years. High depressive symptoms were reported by 55% of the sample. A majority of students experienced an increase in burnout symptoms and an increase in frequency of alcohol use during their educational years. These behaviors were related to a lack of social support and external attribution style.
TL;DR: The article defines burnout, explores external and internal causes of burnouts, and suggests prevention and coping techniques, which are suggested to prevent and cope with burnout.
Abstract: The author reviews the literature on stress and burnout among human service professionals. The article defines burnout, explores external and internal causes of burnout, and suggests prevention and coping techniques. Further research must be conducted on the techniques that prevent burnout.
Book•
01 Jun 1988
TL;DR: Ayala Pines as discussed by the authors offers a unique model to combat relationship burnout by describing the phenomenon of couples burnout; its causes, danger signs and symptoms; and the most effective strategies therapists can use.
Abstract: InCouple Burnout, Ayala Pines offers a unique model to combat relationship burnout by describing the phenomenon of couples burnout; its causes, danger signs and symptoms; and the most effective strategies therapists can use. Distinguishing burnout from problems caused by clinical depression or other pathologies, Pines combines three major clinical perspectives that are used by couple therapists--psychodynamic, systems and behavioral--with additional approaches that focus attention on the social- psychological perspective and existential perspective to couples' problems.
TL;DR: The study indicates alarmingly high work-stress burnout among paramedics, which is associated with a rather complex set of correlates.
Abstract: A survey-based study was conducted among 213 advanced emergency medical technicians (paramedics) to determine if work-related stress and its attendant burnout syndrome could influence the high job ...
TL;DR: A method for assessing the relationship between supervisory behavior and staff burnout was developed and tested in two schools for mentally retarded children and uses a new instrument, the Supervisor Behavior Observation Scale.
Abstract: A method for assessing the relationship between supervisory behavior and staff burnout was developed and tested in two schools for mentally retarded children. The method uses a new instrument, the Supervisor Behavior Observation Scale. The two schools involved in the study differed significantly in level of staff burnout, as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and in supervisory behavior. Specifically, the principal of the low burnout staff interacted less frequently with others and spent less time observing staff in their classrooms. Instead, she spent more time in her office engaged in planning and coordinating activities. She also interacted more with her own superior. The low burnout principal also talked more and listened less, and she spent more time discussing work-related problems but less time discussing administrative issues. She also gave staff more emotional support but spent less time in “small talk” with them.
TL;DR: This article investigated the correlates of burnout in a national sample of school psychologists and found that burnout was related to demographic (e.g., age), environmental, and professional activity variables.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlates of burnout in a national sample of school psychologists. A stress questionnaire, demographic information sheet, and Maslach Burnout Inventory were mailed to 600 randomly selected members of the National Association of School Psychologists. A total of 234 practitioners comprised the final sample. The results indicated that burnout was related to demographic (e.g., age), environmental (e.g., role definitions), and professional activity (e.g., role diversity) variables. Implications for the field of school psychology and future research are discussed.