Showing papers on "Burnout published in 1990"
TL;DR: The dimensionality of Maslach's (1982) 3 aspects of job burnout--emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment--was examined among a sample of supervisors and managers in the human services and supported the 3-factor model.
Abstract: The dimensionality of Maslach's (1982) 3 aspects of job burnout--emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment--was examined among a sample of supervisors and managers in the human services. A series of confirmatory factor analyses supported the 3-factor model, with the first 2 aspects highly correlated. The 3 aspects were found to be differentially related to other variables reflecting aspects of strain, stress coping, and self-efficacy in predictable and meaningful ways. Implications for better understanding the burnout process are discussed.
462 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that resources from both work setting and family were related to subsequent levels of burnout at a 6-month interval, and that emotional exhaustion was related only to family resources, while depersonalization was related to both work-setting and family resources.
Abstract: Mental health workers (N= 122) provided information regarding burnout, coping styles, and resources in their work setting and their family. Resources from both work setting and family were found to be related to subsequent levels of burnout at a 6-month interval. A LISREL model testing procedure provided support for the hypothesis that each resource area, family, work setting, and coping style, was independently related to changes in burnout over time. Each of the three aspects of psychological burnout showed a distinct relationship with the resource measures. Emotional exhaustion was related only to family resources, while depersonalization was related to both work-setting and family resources. Diminished personal accomplishment was not related to family resources, but was related to both work-setting resources and coping styles. The implications of the results for including family coping in a model of burnout and occupational stress are discussed.
196 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an integration of past research and theory that models the impact of stressful aspects of the workplace and key communication variables on employee burnout, occupational commitment, and work satisfaction.
Abstract: This research presents an integration of past research and theory that models the impact of stressful aspects of the workplace and key communication variables on employee burnout, occupational commitment, and work satisfaction. Two theoretical frameworks—social information processing theory (Salancik & Pfeffer, 1978) and uncertainty reduction theory (Berger & Calabrese, 1975)—are drawn on to propose a model in which communication variables lead to two stress variables then to burnout and finally to job satisfaction and occupational commitment. Data to test the proposed models were drawn from employees at a private psychiatric hospital. The results indicate that both participation in decision making and social support have important impacts on perceived workplace stress, burnout, satisfaction, and commitment for both care-givers and support personnel. Perception of participation in the decision-making process was found to be particularly crucial in reducing role stress and increasing perceptions of satisfa...
195 citations
TL;DR: Psychological variables were found to be more significant predictors of burnout than biographical variables and school type was related to perceptions of stress and burnout.
Abstract: A total of 750 teachers from 16 government and non-government schools from areas of contrasted socio-economic status (SES) responded to a questionnaire designed to investigate associations between selected aspects of burnout among teachers working in secondary schools in Victoria, Australia. By comparing high and low burnout groups on biographic, psychological and work pattern variables, differences between teachers experiencing high and low levels of burnout were identified. Multiple regression analyses assessed the relative importance of these variables in accounting for the variance in each of the three burnout subscales. School type was related to perceptions of stress and burnout. Higher levels of burnout were associated with poorer physical health, higher rates of absenteeism, lower self-confidence and more frequent use of regressive coping strategies. Teachers classified as experiencing high levels of burnout attributed most of the stress in their lives to teaching and reported low levels of career commitment and satisfaction. Further, teachers who recorded high levels of burnout were characterised by lower levels of the personality disposition of hardiness, lower levels of social support, higher levels of role stress and more custodial pupil control ideologies than their low-burnout counterparts. Psychological variables were found to be more significant predictors of burnout than biographical variables.
184 citations
Journal Article•
174 citations
TL;DR: The most frequent sources of stress reported by high school golfers and also the perceived causes of athlete burnout in golf were, too much practice or play, a lack of enjoyment, and too much pressure from self and others to do well as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This was an exploratory study to determine the most frequent sources of stress reported by high school golfers and also to ascertain the perceived causes of athlete burnout in golf. A guided interview approach consisting of both open-ended and specific questions related to golfing experiences was used to collect data from 10 high school competitive golfers. A typological analysis of the interviews identified a number of competitive sources of stress for golfers, including playing a particularly difficult shot, playing up to personal standards, and striving to meet parental expectations. All golfers said they had experienced a short period of burnout. Some of the most frequently cited reasons for burnout in golf were, too much practice or play, a lack of enjoyment, and too much pressure from self and others to do well. It was concluded that the perceived sources of stress need to be considered when investigating the causes of athlete burnout in golf.
136 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the role of burnout as a mediating affective response between perceived stress and dropout intentions among soccer officials over the course of a soccer season was investigated.
Abstract: Despite high turnover rates and a shortage of referees in many sports there have been few studies to examine the desocialization process. This study investigated the role of burnout as a mediating affective response between perceived stress and dropout intentions among soccer officials over the course of a soccer season. The mailed Ontario Soccer Officials' Survey included 30 stressor items, a I6 item version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and 5 items to assess turnover intentions. Data from the 529 officials (42%) who responded at TI (3 months into the season) and 4 months later (T2) were reported. From a cross-sectional path analysis, fear of failure, role-culturc conflict and interpersonal conflict were shown to have only indirect effects, through burnout, on turnover intentions. Age was negatively related to burnout. A longitudinal path analysis suggested that total perceived stress and burnout had only indirect effects on turnover intentions. Stress had a direct negative effect on burnout...
133 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied stress symptoms, burnout and suicidal thoughts in Finnish physicians using a questionnaire, containing 99 questions or groups of questions, was mailed to 3,496 physicians representative, as regards age, sex, specialization and employment.
Abstract: Stress symptoms, burnout and suicidal thoughts in Finnish physicians were studied using a questionnaire. The questionnaire, containing 99 questions or groups of questions, was mailed to 3,496 physicians representative, as regards age, sex, specialization and employment, of all active physicians in Finland. Altogether, 2,671 physicians (76%) responded. Stress symptoms in male physicians were similar to those in male managers. In female physicians they were slightly less than in female white-collar workers. In male specialists highest burnout indices were found in general practice and occupational health; psychiatry and child psychiatry; internal medicine, oncology, pulmonary diseases, and dermatology and venereology. In female specialists they occurred in general practice and occupational health; radiology; internal medicine, neurology, pulmonary diseases, and dermatology and venereology. Non-specialists had higher burnout scores than specialists for both sexes. Highest burnout scores in both men and women occurred in those working in municipal health centres. Lowest scores occurred in those working in private practice, universities, research institutes, and public offices and organizations. Suicidal intent tended to be commoner in physicians than in the general population. It was also commoner in female (26%) than in male (22%) physicians. The results indicate a polarization between “higher burnout specialties”, often dealing with chronically ill, incurable or dying patients (e. g. specialties such as oncology, pulmonary diseases and psychiatry), on the one hand and “lower burnout specialties”, often dealing with curable diseases and favourable prognoses (e. g. specialties such as obstetrics and gynaecology, otorhinolaryngology and ophthalmology), on the other.
125 citations
TL;DR: According to as mentioned in this paper, approximately 2-6% of psychotherapists can be considered burned out, a condition most often attributed by therapists themselves to the nonreciprocated attentiveness, giving, and responsibility demanded by the therapeutic relationship.
Abstract: Approximately 2-6% of psychotherapists can be considered burned out, a condition most often attributed by therapists themselves to the nonreciprocated attentiveness, giving, and responsibility demanded by the therapeutic relationship. Institutionally based and inexperienced therapists seem most at risk for burnout. What prevents most therapists from experiencing burnout is the satisfaction of being in a position of helpful intimacy. Three types of therapist burnout can be delineated: those who in response to frustration work increasingly harder; those who in response to frustration give up entirely; and those who perform their work perfunctorily, having lost interest in work they now find unchallenging.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Determinants and Consequences of students' burnout in universities are discussed. But they do not consider the effects of stress on students' academic performance.
Abstract: (1990). Determinants and Consequences of Students' Burnout in Universities. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 20-31.
104 citations
TL;DR: The nursing staff showed an overall figure of moderately well-developed empathy and the RNs showed the highest empathy, and a weak negative correlation between burnout and empathy is in accordance with other authors suggesting that burnout experience leads to lower empathy in the nursing staff.
Abstract: A non-anonymous questionnaire was distributed to all nursing staff (n = 557) including RNs, LPNs (psychiatric), LPNs (somatic) and nurses' aides, in one nursing home, one somatic long-term care clinic and one psychogeriatric clinic. Scales measuring empathy, burnout experience and attitudes towards demented patients were included in the questionnaire. The aim of the study was to compare levels of empathy, burnout experience and attitudes among different categories of nursing staff and to examine connections between empathy, burnout and attitudes. The nursing staff showed an overall figure of moderately well-developed empathy and the RNs showed the highest empathy. The RNs had a significantly lower degree of burnout compared to the nurses' aides and the LPNs. Of all respondents, 27.4% were assessed at risk from burnout. Overall, the staff showed a moderately positive attitude towards demented patients and the RNs were most positive. No linear correlation was found between empathy, burnout experience and attitudes. However, a weak negative correlation between burnout and empathy is in accordance with other authors who are suggesting that burnout experience leads to lower empathy in the nursing staff. The fact that the RNs showed the most positive attitudes towards demented patients and had the highest level of empathy compared to LPNs and nurses' aides could be related to lower degree of burnout assessed in the RNs. Qualitative and quantitative overload among the LPNs and nurses' aides connected to the growing number of demented patients in the institutions examined are discussed.
TL;DR: A review of the literature on burnout in sport can be found in this article, where the need for a standard operational definition is discussed along with a brief overview of the burnout research in the helping professions, the conceptual model of burnout developed by Smith (1986) is presented along with research relating to coaches, athletes and athletic trainers.
Abstract: Literature on burnout has typically focused on individuals in occupations denoted by the terms of human services or helping professions. However, recently, studies and conceptual models have appeared investigating burnout in the athletic environment. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on burnout in sport. First, the need for a standard operational definition is discussed along with a brief overview of the burnout research in the helping professions, The conceptual model of burnout developed by Smith (1986) is presented along with research relating to coaches, athletes and athletic trainers. Some of the methodological and measurement problems are addressed and future directions for research are offered.
TL;DR: Of the factors associated with working environments, only dissatisfaction with relationships with patients, problems relating to the physical environment and poor working posture significantly increased burnout.
Abstract: In the spring of 1986 burnout and its relation to social and physical environments and the nature of work were studied using a questionnaire sent to a sample of 232 dentists aged under 62 living in the province of Uusimaa, Finland. Most male and female dentists (71 and 67%, respectively) were working in group practices and most (88%) employed an assistant. Professional problems were generally (71%) solved by consulting colleagues. Half of those responding were very satisfied with their relationship to other dental staff. All but 9% of dentists experienced problems in their physical working environments and 22% felt that their uncomfortable working posture interfered significantly with job satisfaction. Women reported chronic work-related conditions diagnosed by a physician more often than men (21 vs. 10%, respectively). At the time of the study, most dentists were experiencing pain in connection with work on patients and 41% of women and 59% of men were experiencing occupational stress. Most dentists experienced at least temporary psychological fatigue as a result of their work and almost half were exhausted at the end of each day. Despite this, most enjoyed working with patients and were enthusiastic about their work. Three aspects of burnout emerged on factor analysis: psychological fatigue, loss of enjoyment of work, and hardening. One third of dentists experienced some hardening and ceased to care greatly what happened to some of their patients. Of the factors associated with working environments, only dissatisfaction with relationships with patients, problems relating to the physical environment and poor working posture significantly increased burnout. Dissatisfaction with patient relationships increased disinterest and hardening. Unhappy marriages were highly significant predictors of psychological fatigue in men. The results suggest that hardening can be prevented by improving physical working environments, and fatigue and disinterest by improving working posture. Burnout can be regarded as posing a significant threat to good dental care.
TL;DR: In this paper, an empirically derived model of police officer burnout based on 199 male police officers is presented, and a brief review of research on police officer stress is also provided.
Abstract: This article presents an empirically derived model of police officer burnout based on 199 male police officers. A brief review of research on police officer stress is also provided.
TL;DR: It was concluded that attempts to alleviate burnout must directly address the extent of overload or the lack of support, and any attempt to mitigate the overload-burnout relationship by merely amplifying the amount of support is not likely to be effective.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between role overload, social support, and burnout among nursing educators. Ninety percent (N = 141) of nursing educators from eight campuses of the California State University system completed a four-part questionnaire. Later, in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 nursing educators and five chairpersons. The findings indicated that a demanding job correlated, significantly and positively with almost all aspects of burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization of students, and decreased sense of accomplishment). The degree of support from one's chairperson and peers correlated significantly and negatively with almost all aspects of burnout. The findings from the interviews verified these relationships. In the hierarchical regression analyses, a demanding job was the most important predictor of emotional exhaustion. Lack of peer support was the most important predictor of depersonalization towards students. Chairperson support was the most important predictor of a person's sense of accomplishment. Social support did not serve as a buffer against the negative effects of overload on burnout. It was concluded that attempts to alleviate burnout must directly address the extent of overload or the lack of support. Any attempt to mitigate the overload-burnout relationship by merely amplifying the amount of support is not likely to be effective.
TL;DR: The study found that the typical pharmacist who reported the highest level of burnout was a woman less than 40 years old, who works in a chain community pharmacy setting, and who has been in practice and in the same job for less than 10 years.
Abstract: A nationwide mail survey of a random sample of the American Pharmaceutical Association membership was conducted to study the degree of burnout among pharmacists and to identify individual and job characteristics that make a pharmacist susceptible to burnout. Analysis of 1,261 returned questionnaires (57.1% response rate) revealed moderate levels of burnout among pharmacists. The study found that the typical pharmacist who reported the highest level of burnout was a woman less than 40 years old, who works in a chain community pharmacy setting, and who has been in practice and in the same job for less than 10 years. Further work is needed to identify other personal and practice conditions that make pharmacists susceptible to burnout. In the meantime, employees are encouraged to establish interpersonal communications designed to identify and deal with signs of burnout.
TL;DR: Three self-report inventories designed to respond to the syndrome of burnout in helping professionals are reviewed and the development of the instruments and related research are outlined with recommendations for future studies.
Abstract: Three self-report inventories designed to respond to the syndrome of burnout in helping professionals are reviewed. The Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Staff Burnout Scale for Health Professionals, and the Tedium Scale are each described for their use in measuring occupational burnout. The development of the instruments and related research are outlined with recommendations for future studies. Suggestions for use of the inventories in diagnostic and counseling settings are discussed.
TL;DR: Findings for social workers employed in cystic fibrosis and pulmonary care centers in 45 states included a significant relationship between team support and supervisory support and low burnout scores.
Abstract: This article summarizes a descriptive study focused on the burnout experienced by social workers employed in cystic fibrosis and pulmonary care centers in 45 states. The authors obtained demographic data and burnout scores on the Maslach Burnout Inventory and examined five factors in the job environment--(1) hours providing services to patients with cystic fibrosis, (2) hours providing services to patients with other life-shortening and chronic illnesses, (3) interdisciplinary team support, (4) supervisory support, and (5) years in the current position--in relation to burnout. Their findings for these workers included a significant relationship between team support and supervisory support and low burnout scores. These findings have implications for further study.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined burnout in full-time child life specialists and determined whether a relation existed between burnout and role stress (role ambiguity and role conflict) The relationship of individual and organizational variables to burnout were included as controls.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to examine burnout in full-time child life specialists and to determine whether a relation existed between burnout and role stress (role ambiguity and role conflict) The relationship of individual and organizational variables to burnout were included as controls It was found that burnout exists for child life specialists, bur to a lesser degree than in other human service professionais Role ambiguity was a stronger predictor vanable of burnout than role conflict Additionally, the organizational variables contributed more to predicting burnout than the individual variables.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Burnout can be defined as a reduced sense of personal accomplishment, wherein the individual blames himself - not the circumstances - for his feelings, emotional and physical exhaustion, occupational fatigue, cynical attitudes, depersonalization toward or withdrawal from clients, chronic depression and/or increased anxiety.
Abstract: Burnout - that which once shone so brightly no more illuminates the world around it. And the shadows cast by the dimming are long and deep and dark. Where once there was enthusiasm, conviction, and compassion for helping others, only frustration, apathy, and terrible loneliness remain. Paradoxically, the need to reach out and help is still there, but it is mired in a personal sense of reduced motivation, low energy, and an overwhelming sense of futility and fraud. As helping professionals, guidance counselors are especially susceptible and well situated by their role expectations and responsibilities to suffer the signs and consequences of burnout. In fact, for school guidance counselors at risk, the literature describes symptomatology affecting every facet of their personal and professional lives, as the following definition reveals: Burnout can be defined as a reduced sense of personal accomplishment, wherein the individual blames himself - not the circumstances - for his feelings, emotional and physical exhaustion, occupational fatigue, cynical attitudes, depersonalization toward or withdrawal from clients, chronic depression and/or increased anxiety (Rando, 1984); interpersonal conflicts and strained work relationships, low morale and productivity, physical complaints, and a strong tendency toward substance abuse (Maynard, 1986). A conceptual device that promises to clarify the many symptoms and consequences of burnout is Lazarus's BASIC I.D. (1976), which stands for Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Imagery, Cognition, Interpersonal Relationships, and Drugs/Biology. The crux of this framework is that human beings are multidimensional in their experience of life. They function on many levels that overlap; emotions affect thought, images affect behavior, sensations affect physical health, and so forth. Lazarus applied this "ripple effect" to the assessment and treatment of dysfunctions and thereby developed a flexible and easily managed way to give comprehensive care.
TL;DR: This article found that many young managers leave food-service operations because they feel "burned out" by the hectic pace and the long working hours. But others thrive under the same conditions.
Abstract: Many young managers leave food-service operations because they feel “burned out” by the hectic pace and the long working hours. But others thrive under the same conditions. What makes the difference? At least part of the answer is support from the boss and subordinates
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This study examined the relationships between stress and social support systems in dealing with burnout among medical and surgical ward nurses to demonstrate main effects for amount of and satisfaction with social support and found nurses with high sources of social support reported less burnout.
Abstract: This study examined the relationships between stress and social support systems in dealing with burnout among medical and surgical ward nurses. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated main effects for amount of and satisfaction with social support, with burnout as the criterion. That is, nurses with high sources of social support and high levels of satisfaction with that support reported less burnout than nurses with few supports and less satisfaction with those supports, regardless of level of work stress. No buffering effects were found for family support. That is, nurses with high work stress and high family support did not experience lower burnout than nurses with high work stress and low family support. Implications of the results are discussed.
TL;DR: Moderate levels of stress were found to exist, with five individual variables (hardiness, age, education, years in nursing education and exercise) and five organizational variables combining to best predict the occurrence of work-related stress.
Abstract: Factors predictive of work-related stress in 287 female nurse educators were studied in a randomly selected sample of 18 U.S. (NLN) accredited schools of nursing. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Form Ed, the Hardiness of Personality Inventory, the Blair Exercise Activity Index, a demographic tool and an administrator-completed questionnaire were used. Moderate levels of stress were found to exist, with five individual variables (hardiness, age, education, years in nursing education and exercise) and five organizational variables (student contact hours for part-time faculty, task complexity, economic environment of school, number of full-time faculty and percentage of tenured faculty) combining to best predict the occurrence of work-related stress.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Four reasonable and attainable factors were found to be significant predictors of work excitement: work arrangements; a learning environment that fosters individual growth and development; variety of experiences; and positive working conditions.
Abstract: An exploratory study of 168 nurses has yielded a new dimension of practice patterns, work excitement, a prerequisite to effective practice and quality care. Four reasonable and attainable factors were found to be significant predictors of work excitement: work arrangements; a learning environment that fosters individual growth and development; variety of experiences; and positive working conditions.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This paper showed that employees in social welfare tended to experience more burnout than some persons in areas such as education, health services, banking, industry, and the postal service, and they found that people in these areas tended to be more stressed out than those in other areas.
Abstract: This study showed that employees in social welfare tended to experience more burnout than some persons in areas such as education, health services, banking, industry, and the postal service.
TL;DR: Hamann examines the burnout phenomenon in music teachers and offers some remedies as mentioned in this paper, which can help master music teachers deal with the many stressful situations that can cause them to abandon the profession.
Abstract: How can master music teachers deal with the many stressful situations that can cause them to abandon the profession? Donald Hamann examines the burnout phenomenon and offers some remedies.
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: Assessment of attitudes towards demented patients among students and nursing staff as well as attitudes towards active euthanasia, wish to transfer to other jobs, ability of empathy and experience of burnout among nursing staff showed that the lower burnout score the staff have the more positive are the attitudes.
Abstract: This study concerned assessments of attitudes towards demented patients among students and nursing staff as well as attitudes towards active euthanasia, wish to transfer to other jobs, ability of e