scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Burnout published in 1992"


01 Apr 1992
TL;DR: In clinicians, including therapists, counselors, and social workers, this response is often referred to as “compassion fatigue” or “secondary post-traumatic stress.”
Abstract: Helping others who have undergone a trauma from a natural disaster, accident, or sudden act of violence, can be highly satisfying work. But helping trauma victims can take a toll on even the most seasoned mental health professional. Ongoing exposure to the suffering of those you are helping can bring on a range of signs and symptoms -including anxiety, sleeplessness, irritability, and feelings of helplessness -that can interfere, sometimes significantly, with everyday life and work. In clinicians, including therapists, counselors, and social workers, this response is often referred to as “compassion fatigue” or “secondary post-traumatic stress.”

585 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that scores on burnout plus tension (tense-burnout) were associated with somatic complaints, cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, uric acid, and, marginally, with ECG abnormalities.
Abstract: The burnout syndrome denotes a constellation of physical fatigue, emotional exhaustion, and cognitive weariness resulting from chronic stress. Although it overlaps considerably with chronic fatigue as defined in internal medicine, its links with physical illness have not been systematically investigated. This exploratory study, conducted among 104 male workers free from cardiovascular disease (CVD), tested the association between burnout and two of its common concomitants--tension and listlessness--and cardiovascular risk factors. After ruling out five possible confounders (age, relative weight, smoking, alcohol use, and sports activity), the authors found that scores on burnout plus tension (tense-burnout) were associated with somatic complaints, cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, uric acid, and, marginally, with ECG abnormalities. Workers scoring high on tense-burnout also had a significantly higher low density lipoprotein (LDL) level. Conversely, scores on burnout plus listlessness were significantly associated with glucose and negatively with diastolic blood pressure. The findings warrant further study of burnout as a predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

436 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conceptualized burnout as a social problem grounded in forms of social organization that constrain identity development during adolescence and prevent young athletes from having meaningful control over their lives.
Abstract: Most explanations of burnout among young athletes identify chronic, excessive stress as the cause. Strategies for preventing burnout emphasize techniques that help athletes control stress and adjust to the conditions of sport participation. However, informal interviews with 15 adolescent athletes identified as cases of burnout suggest that the roots of burnout are grounded in the social organization of high performance sport; these roots are tied to identity and control issues. The model developed in this paper conceptualizes burnout as a social problem grounded in forms of social organization that constrain identity development during adolescence and prevent young athletes from having meaningful control over their lives. This model is intended as an alternative to more widely used stress-based models of burnout. Recommendations for preventing burnout call for changes in the social organization of high performance sport, changes in the way sport experiences are integrated into the lives of young athletes,...

418 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the relationship of teacher burnout to the various ways that teachers view themselves professionally and to the ways in which they sense that others within the educational system view them.
Abstract: The primary goal of this research was to investigate the relationship of teacher burnout to the various ways that teachers view themselves professionally and to the ways in which they sense that others within the educational system view them. A total of 641 teachers in 40 Israeli elementary schools completed a modified form of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and a composite measure of professional self-concept. Results indicate that of several dimensions of professional self-concept, professional satisfaction–how teachers feel about the gratification they receive from teaching–bore the strongest negative correlation to burnout; that among the possible discrepancies among scores on the self-concept dimensions, the discrepancy between teachers' views of themselves as professionally competent and professionally satisfied bore the strongest correlation to burnout; that stronger correlations to burnout existed in terms of how teachers perceive themselves rather than how they feel that others perceive th...

278 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper provides a direct test of the buffering hypothesis that the negative effects of stressors on nursing assistants working in long-term care institutions are moderated by social support (at work and external to work).
Abstract: This paper provides a direct test of the buffering hypothesis that the negative effects of stressors (measured as burden, burnout, and perceived job pressure) on nursing assistants working in long-term care institutions are moderated by social support (at work and external to work). The buffering hypothesis was not confirmed, though some support for a main effects view was found. Social support at work, specifically training to work with residents with cognitive impairment, and support from family and friends can assist nursing assistants in dealing with burnout and perceived job pressure. However, major steps in alleviating burden, burnout, and perceived job pressure must be to decrease or change the workload and provide rewards on the job.

142 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Cary Cherniss1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the relationship between degree of burnout experienced during the first year of the career and career adaptation during the next decade, and found that subjects who were more burned-out early in their careers were less likely to change careers and more flexible in their approach to work as rated by confidants at the time of follow-up.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between degree of burnout experienced during the first year of the career and career adaptation during the next decade. Subjects were 25 human service professionals originally working in the fields of public service law, public health nursing, high school teaching, or mental health. They were studied during the first year of their careers and again 12 years later. Early career burnout was assessed via ratings of interviews that were highly correlated with the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Career adaptation variables included career stability, work satisfaction, attitudes towards recipients, and flexibility as measured at the time of follow-up. Each of these variables was measured via interview ratings, a questionnaire, and ratings made hy confidants of the subjects. Results showed that subjects who were more burned-out early in their careers were less likely to change careers and more flexible in their approach to work as rated by confidants at the time of follow-up. The results suggest that early career burnout does not seem to lead to any significant, negative, long-term consequences. However, burnout occurring later in the career might have more serious long-term effects.

140 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, burnout symptoms (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment) were hypothesized to occur among male and female nurses who are low in communal orientation and feel they invest more in their relationships with patients than they receive in return.
Abstract: In the present study, burnout symptoms (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment) were hypothesized to occur among male and female nurses who are low in communal orientation and feel they invest more in their relationships with patients than they receive in return. Communal orientation refers to the desire to give and receive benefits in response to the needs of and out of concern for others. Furthermore, it was expected that the perception of imbalance would be more strongly related to depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment among women than among men. The sample consisted of 194 full time working nurses (48.5% males, 51.5% females). Burnout was measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The results show that the burnout syndrome is more widespread among: (a) subjects, particularly women, who perceive an imbalance in their relationships with patients; (b) subjects low in communal orientation; and (c) subjects who both perceive an imbalance and are low in communal orientation. The results are discussed in the context of theoretical and practical implications.

134 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Joe Beer1
TL;DR: Analysis of variance (2 × 2) for teaching level (grade and high school) by sex showed those teaching regular classrooms in grade school experienced less burnout and stress than did high school teachers.
Abstract: 33 teachers from one institutional school setting and 59 teachers from three north central school districts volunteered to complete and return Beck's Depression Scale, the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory--Adult Form, Stress Profile for Teachers, and the Staff Burnout Scale for Mental Health Professionals. Analysis of variance (2 x 2) for teaching level (grade and high school) by sex showed those teaching regular classrooms is grade school experienced less burnout and stress than did high school teachers. There was no sex difference. In the institutional setting there was a significant difference on burnout scores between men and women who taught high school; their scores were higher than those of the male grade school teachers. Burnout lie scores were also significantly higher for female high school teachers than for both male and female grade school teachers. Scores on stress were significantly higher for male high school teachers than for both female high school teachers and male grade school teachers.

131 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the results of a questionnaire survey among 212 health care workers at a hospital in Northern Norway, which included burnout, trait anxiety, various job demands and supports, and work attitudes (job satisfaction and organizational commitment).
Abstract: The present study reports the results of a questionnaire survey among 212 health care workers at a hospital in Northern Norway. Measures included burnout, trait anxiety, various job demands and supports, and work attitudes (job satisfaction and organizational commitment). Results provided support for Maslach's conceptualization of the burnout syndrome cross-culturally. Correlations among the three burnout subscales, as well as organizational correlates of burnout were generally consistent with earlier findings. The burnout scores of hospital workers were higher than North American norms, and some occupational differencs among subscales were found. A model of individual characteristics, job demands, burnout, and work attitudes was tested through a series of multiple regressions. Trait anxiety as well as job demands contributed to burnout. The influence of trait anxiety on work attitudes was mediated through emotional exhaustion. However, in addition to emotional exhaustion, both job demands and or...

118 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined dispositional, cognitive, and situational predictors of coaching burnout within Smith's cognitive-affective model of spoil burnout and found that Trait anxiety emerged as the strongest predictor of burnout.
Abstract: The purpose of this study “was to examine dispositional, cognitive, and situational predictors of coaching burnout within Smith's cognitive-affective model of spoil burnout. High school and college coaches (N=848) completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a demographic/cognitive appraisal questionnaire via a mail survey. Descriptive results indicated that a substantial percentage of coaches fell into the moderate and high burnout ranges and that female coaches were higher in emotional exhaustion than male coaches were. Trait anxiety emerged as the strongest predictor of burnout, and several cognitive perceptions of the coaching role were also predictive of burnout. Actual time spent in coaching and leisure activities, type of sport, competition level, and personal status were not related to burnout. These findings provide some support for Smith's model and indicate that burnout may be predicted by dispositional and cognitive factors more so than actual situational or behavi...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a causal model of the relationships among burnout, communication, and organizational stressors, and outcomes in the educational setting has been developed and tested, which indicates that teachers' workload and support from their principal influenced role conflict and role ambiguity.
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to develop and test a causal model of the relationships among burnout, communication, and organizational stressors, and outcomes in the educational setting. Past studies of burnout have shown that the variables of overload, role conflict, and role ambiguity are associated with burnout, job satisfaction, and occupational commitment. Variables related to communication within schools mediate the burnout process, e.g., support from the principal and participation in decision making. The causal model developed in this paper indicates that teachers’ workload and support from their principal influenced role conflict and role ambiguity. These role stressors, in turn, influenced perceptions of burnout, job satisfaction, and occupational commitment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggested that individual coping was related to burnout and Escape-avoidance was the primary coping strategy related to all three symptoms of burnout: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment.
Abstract: This study was undertaken as an attempt to determine the relationship between individual coping (in response to stressful work events) and concomitant symptoms of burnout and the relationship between coping and burnout as moderated by secondary cognitive appraisal. Professional mental health workers (N = 234) employed by a state psychiatric facility completed the Ways of Coping Checklist (revised) (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) and a measure of secondary appraisal, after reporting a typical stressful work event. They also completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1986) and a demographic questionnaire. Results suggested that individual coping was related to burnout. Escape-avoidance was the primary coping strategy related to all three symptoms of burnout: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. Secondary appraisal did not moderate the relation of coping and burnout.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A study of 491 government secondary school teachers in Australia explored the relationship between sources and types of social support and teacher burnout as discussed by the authors, finding that principal support is a significant predictor of burnout.
Abstract: This study of 491 government secondary school teachers in Victoria, Australia, explores the relationship between sources and types of social support and teacher burnout. Examines both a conceptual model of social support and a social support instrument based on House′s typology developed for the purpose of the study. The major finding that principal support is a significant predictor of burnout is consistent with established research. However, the result that certain types of social support contribute to burnout presents a unique dimension on the social support‐burnout relationship. Also examines the support provided to others by teachers themselves and its impact on burnout. Explains the implications of the findings for theory and practice.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that the war accelerated the depletion of coping resources and that burnout may be affected by factors other than occupational stress.
Abstract: Burnout signifies the chronic depletion of coping resources following prolonged exposure to emotionally charged demands. It is manifested by symptoms of emotional, physical and cognitive exhaustion, and is usually studied in relation to occupational stressors. We hypothesized that the major life crisis engendered by missile attacks would give rise to burnout or exacerbate preexisting burnout symptoms. We also hypothesized that individuals suffering from prewar burnout would appraise the war as being more threatening and would be more vulnerable to upper respiratory infections (URI). Wartime and pre-war (baseline) levels of burnout and related symptomatology (cognitive weariness, listlessness, tension and somatic complaints) were compared among 162 Israeli civilians who carried on with their employment duties throughout the Gulf War. We found that the war impacted primarily on younger individuals (age < 45). All the pre-war levels of the above measures increased significantly (except for a marginal increase in tension). The impact of the war was mediated by threat appraisal, as indicated by worry and apprehension. Worry was positively associated with pre-war burnout, and negatively with age and education. Pre-war burnout was associated positively with wartime URIs. It was concluded that the war accelerated the depletion of coping resources and that burnout may be affected by factors other than occupational stress.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The high percentage of infectious diseases physicians experiencing burnout suggests the need for further research to establish trends, to determine if other types of physicians experience similar levels of burnout, to identify casual factors, and to develop avenues to reduce stress and facilitate coping.
Abstract: The occurrence and distribution of the three dimensions of the burnout syndrome (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lowered feelings of personal accomplishment) were studied among infectious diseases physicians. A written survey was mailed to the entire identified US population of infectious diseases physicians (n = 4328); a 46.3% response rate provided 1840 usable surveys. Statistical analyses of the data demonstrated that 43.5% of the physician sample reported high scores on emotional exhaustion, and 40.3% scored high on depersonalization. Personal accomplishment scores remained high, despite burnout levels, with 91.8% reporting high personal accomplishment. The highest percentage of burnout occurred among physicians in private practice settings (55%), followed by government settings (39%), and academia (37%). The high percentage of infectious diseases physicians experiencing burnout suggests the need for further research to establish trends, to determine if other types of physicians experience similar levels of burnout, to identify casual factors, and to develop avenues to reduce stress and facilitate coping.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results show that hospital AIDS social workers had slightly higher rates of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization on the Maslach Burnout Inventory but also felt a substantially higher level of personal accomplishment.
Abstract: Fears of a future shortage of experienced social workers in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) field because of burnout prompted this study of 128 hospital social workers who work with AIDS patients. Results show that hospital AIDS social workers had slightly higher rates of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization on the Maslach Burnout Inventory but also felt a substantially higher level of personal accomplishment. Age, autonomy, and belonging to a support group explained 19 percent of the variance in burnout. Hospital administrators are urged to examine their administrative policies concerning these factors and to explore ways to preserve and enhance the most satisfying aspects of the work. Further research is encouraged to explore the relationship between young age and burnout and to better understand the factors that make AIDS work satisfying.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that although a three factor structure has been shown to be the most readily replicable, this result does not exhaust the number of possible replicable factors in the Maslach Burnout Inventory using six independent sets of data drawn from previous studies involving a variety of subjects.
Abstract: Three-factor first order analyses have been used in the most successful of previous attempts to define the factor and subscale structures of the Maslach Burnout Inventory It is suggested in the present paper that although a three factor structure has been shown to be the most readily replicable, this result does not exhaust the number of possible replicable factors in the Inventory Using six independent sets of data drawn from previous studies involving a variety of subjects, the present analysis revealed the somewhat doubtful status of the general factor underlying the total score on the 22 items of the Inventory In all six sets of data, the 22 items of the Inventory also divided between two clearly replicable factors, the larger of which was tentatively identified as the "Core of Burnout" Responses to the 14 items loading on this factor were subsequently found to divide in turn, into two equally replicable factors These two factors, together with that differentiated from the "Core of Burnout," were

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the relation of hope to occupational burnout among 81 nurses in chronic-care rehabilitation units and found that higher levels of hope were associated with lower emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and greater personal accomplishment.
Abstract: Examined the relation of hope to occupational burnout among 81 nurses in chronic-care rehabilitation units. Hypothesizing from Snyder's (1989) model of hope in the reality negotiation process, it was predicted that hope would be significantly predictive of three separate components of burnout. Nurse burnout was assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1981). Separate regression equations revealed higher levels of hope to be signficantly associated with lower emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and greater personal accomplishment

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Farber's comprehensive analysis of teacher burnout and stress should be required reading for principals, especially those who are involved in restructuring efforts as mentioned in this paper, and his own research and his reports of numerous other studies provide both a social and historical framework for understanding how too many stressors and too little positive feedback cause some teachers to leave the profession and others to stay but invest little in doing their jobs well.
Abstract: Farber’s comprehensive analysis of teacher burnout and stress should be required reading for principals, especially those who are involved in restructuring efforts. The author’s own research and his reports of numerous other studies provide both a social and historical framework for understanding how too many stressors and too little positive feedback cause some teachers to leave the profession and others to stay but invest little in doing their jobs well. Because definitions of burnout vary, it is not easy to estimate how many teachers are affected, but even the most conservative numbers Farber cites show that 12.9 percent of urban teachers and 6.9 percent of suburban teachers can be considered burned out. The causes also vary, and the same conditions affect teachers in different ways, leading Farber to identify three types of burned-out teachers. What they share are feelings of &dquo; ‘inconsequentiality’-a sense ... that their efforts to help others have been ineffective, that the task is endless, and that the personal payoffs for their work (in terms of accomplishment, recognition, advancement, or appreciation) have not been forthcoming. Their work... they themselves-have simply not mattered.&dquo; Burned-out teachers differ in their responses. The &dquo;worn-out&dquo; teacher concedes defeat and invests less in the job. The &dquo;frenetic&dquo; teacher cannot admit defeat and reacts by working hard-

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors determined causes of, and differences in, stress and burnout in 405 middle, upper, high school and sixth form college teachers in one Local Education Authority in England.
Abstract: SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to determine causes of, and differences in, stress and burnout in 405 middle, upper, high school and sixth form college teachers in one Local Education Authority in England. Stress and bumout were generally low, but individual, e.g. locus of control, stability of personality; environmental, e.g. too much work, taking extra‐curricular activities, taking work home to do more often; and psychological, e.g. role conflict, role ambiguity; variables correlated with stress and burnout. Multiple regression analyses showed that high anxiety, spending more hours on work at home each time it was taken home and high role conflict collectively predicted stress, and high anxiety and high role conflict collectively predicted bumout. Role conflict, locus of control, stability of personality and anxiety were among the variables that accounted for significant differences in stress and bumout. There were no significant differences between headteachers and subject teachers or men and wom...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article identified four possible components of a burnout prevention curriculum, including the development of realistic expectations, the encouragement of detached concern, a better understanding of classroom successes and failures, and an introduction to various stress reduction strategies.
Abstract: Although a great deal of attention has been focused recently on the problem of teacher burnout, very little has been done at the preservice level to prevent it. If, as many believe, burnout is most likely to occur in the first three years of teaching, steps should be taken during preservice training to help future teachers deal more effectively with the challenges and stress they will undoubtably encounter. The authors develop this rationale and identify four possible components of a burnout prevention curriculum, including 1) the development of realistic expectations, 2) the encouragement of detached concern, 3) a better understanding of classroom successes and failures, and 4) an introduction to various stress reduction strategies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The pattern of results suggests that efforts directed toward reducing anxiety and job stress and increasing coworker support, particularly for less experienced nurses, might reduce burnout.
Abstract: Objective To identify predictors of burnout in pediatric nurses and to compare the incidence of burnout, job stress, anxiety and perceived social support in acute and nonacute care pediatric nurses. Design Prospective correlational-descriptive methodology was used to predict high, moderate or low burnout from length of work experience, perceived work stress and social support and anxiety. Subjects and setting Registered nurses (n = 121) employed full-time in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units and pediatric intermediate care units. Measurements and results Measures of job stress, anxiety, experience, social support and burnout were compared in acute and nonacute care pediatric nurses. The overall mean incidence of burnout was in a moderate range for both acute and nonacute care pediatric nurses for the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization subscales and in the high range of personal accomplishment subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Analysis of variance revealed no differences between groups. However, when nurses were grouped by high, moderate and low burnout scores, chi-square analysis revealed significant differences. More acute care nurses reported high burnout and more nonacute care nurses reported low burnout. Discriminant function analysis revealed that job stress was the strongest significant predictor of burnout, followed by state anxiety, coworker support, trait anxiety and experience on the unit. Conclusions Even though high burnout levels are more frequent in acute care pediatric nurses, burnout is a problem in both acute and nonacute care pediatric nurses. The pattern of results suggests that efforts directed toward reducing anxiety and job stress and increasing coworker support, particularly for less experienced nurses, might reduce burnout.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a group of 124 health and social service workers from various agencies in Nova Scotia completed a package of questionnaires assessing burnout, hassles, and organizational variables.
Abstract: A group of 124 health and social service workers from various agencies in Nova Scotia completed a package of questionnaires assessing burnout, hassles, and organizational variables. The study investigated the extent to which psychological burnout among human service workers was attributable to tensions between professional role requirements and constraints of organizational procedures and structures. A measure of conditions for self-management was found to make a substantial contribution to predicting burnout. It also suggested a complex pattern of relationships between specific managerial supports for professional initiatives and workers' vulnerability to burnout. Participants' characteristic coping patterns were also found to be important in predicitng psychological burnout. In addition, the study confirmed the utility of differentiating between more proximal work hassles and general life hassles when examining the incidence of emotional exhaustion. The results of the study were discussed in te...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicated that the following were significant predictors of burnout: work involvement, a large percentage of clients on one's caseload diagnosed with schizophrenia, work pressure, age, income level, the length of time working in psychiatric occupational therapy, casel load size and the amount of overtime performed on a weekly basis.
Abstract: Burnout is inherent in many health care professions. This research investigation was conducted to determine if burnout existed at significant levels and if a relationship between burnout, work environment factors and demographic characteristics existed among a group of psychiatric occupational therapy personnel. The study design was a descriptive survey format utilizing mailed questionnaires. Eighty-nine respondents completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Work Environment Scale and a demographic questionnaire. A series of regression analyses were performed. The results indicated that the following were significant predictors of burnout: work involvement, a large percentage of clients on one's caseload diagnosed with schizophrenia, work pressure, age, income level, the length of time working in psychiatric occupational therapy, caseload size and the amount of overtime performed on a weekly basis. Implications for psychiatric occupational therapy practice are discussed and recommendations for future re...

01 Apr 1992
TL;DR: A study investigated the relationship between Stage I and Stage IV of the four-stage stress cycle and the influence of an intervening variable, sex roles, on each of the two stages and found a definite pattern between sex roles and administrator stress and burnout.
Abstract: Stress intrigues and plagues academic and practicing school administrators alike. This paper profiles McGrath's (1976) social-psychological stress process which consists of four stages, and Gmelch's (1988) similar four-stage cycle. A study investigated the relationship between Stage I and Stage IV of the four-stage stress cycle and the influence of an intervening variable, sex roles, on each of the two stages. Three research questions were investigated: (1) To what extent do administrative stress and burnout vary among levels of administration in education? (2) To what extent do administrative stress factors contribute to the dimensions of burnout? and (3) What is the association between sex-role orientation and administrative stress and burnout? Principals and superintendents (N= 1,000) in Washington State were randomly selected and stratified to participate in this study. Each was sent the Administrative Work Inventory instrument. Seven hundred and forty administrators responded for a 74 percent return rate. Of the returned surveys, only 655 were fully completed. A variety of qualitative statistical methods were used. Results for each research question are given. Findings include a definite pattern between sex roles and administrator stress and burnout. The androgynous principals and superintendents perceive less stressful situations and burnout than other sex-role classifications. Statistical tables are appended. (Contains 29 references.) (RR)

Book
30 Apr 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, Fenwick W English staffing the school right the first time Teacher Burnout and Mediocrity The Antidote is Professional Development and Motivation Evaluating and Supervising Teachers Managing the Marginal Teacher Strategies for Assisting theMarginal Teacher - with Alyson Couette and John Couette Staying Legal and Out of Trouble Maximizing the Potential of Support Personnel Trouble-Shooting Guide
Abstract: Foreword - Fenwick W English Staffing the School Right the First Time Teacher Burnout and Mediocrity The Antidote is Professional Development and Motivation Evaluating and Supervising Teachers Managing the Marginal Teacher Strategies for Assisting the Marginal Teacher - with Alyson Couette and John Couette Staying Legal and Out of Trouble Maximizing the Potential of Support Personnel Trouble-Shooting Guide

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For the Educators Survey, an inventory designed to assess teacher burnout in each of three scales representing constructs of Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment, is presented in this article.
Abstract: For the Educators Survey, an inventory designed to assess teacher burnout in each of three scales representing constructs of Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment, bo...