Showing papers on "Burnout published in 1996"
Book•
01 Jan 1996
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4,986 citations
TL;DR: This meta-analysis examined how demand and resource correlates and behavioral and attitudinal correlates were related to each of the 3 dimensions of job burnout, finding that emotional exhaustion was more strongly related to the demand correlates than to the resource correlates.
Abstract: This meta-analysis examined how demand and resource correlates and behavioral and attitudinal correlates were related to each of the 3 dimensions of job burnout. Both the demand and resource correlates were more strongly related to emotional exhaustion than to either depersonalization or personal accomplishment. Consistent with the conservation of resources theory of stress, emotional exhaustion was more strongly related to the demand correlates than to the resource correlates, suggesting that workers might have been sensitive to the possibility of resource loss. The 3 burnout dimensions were differentially related to turnover intentions, organizational commitment, and control coping. Implications for research and the amelioration of burnout are discussed.
3,036 citations
TL;DR: Consultants' mental health is likely to be protected against the high demands of medical practice by maintaining or enhancing job satisfaction, and by providing training in communication and management skills.
911 citations
TL;DR: The study found support for the validity of the scale through its consistency with the issues that participants raised in an open-ended questionnaire.
Abstract: This study assessed the extent to which a recently developed measure of burnout extended the concept of burnout as developed among human service providers to people in other occupations. The study replicated a factor structure derived from a study of aircraft maintenance workers, computer programmers, and administrators with staff in various occupations across two health care settings: a tertiary care hospital (N=3,312) and a residential mental health facility (N=417). Within the larger setting the analysis replicated the factor structure with four occupational groups: clerical/maintenance workers, technical personnel, nurses, and managers. The study found support for the validity of the scale through its consistency with the issues that participants raised in an open-ended questionnaire. Conceptual issues in burnout theory and suggestions for further research are presented.
487 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined antecedents and consequences of psychological burnout among 362 teachers and school administrators and found that burnout served as a mediator between the predictors and emotional and physical health outcomes.
Abstract: This longitudinal study examined antecedents and consequences of psychological burnout among 362 teachers and school administrators. Antecedents included red tape, disruptive students and lack of supervisor support. Consequences of burnout included heart symptoms and depressive mood. Respondents completed questionnaires sent to them at their schools at two points in time, one year apart. LISREL analyses indicated that the predictors had significant relationships with burnout levels one year later, and that burnout served as a mediator between the predictors and emotional and physical health outcomes.
398 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the first phase of a large-scale research project designed to examine burnout in competitive junior tennis players was conducted, and the results revealed that burned out players had higher burnout scores, less input into training, were more likely to have played high school tennis, played up in age division, played fewer days, were lower in external motivation, were higher in amotivation, reported being more withdrawn, differed on a variety of perfectionism subscales, were less likely to use planning coping strategies, and were lower on positive interpretation and growth coping.
Abstract: This study reports results from the first phase of a large-scale research project designed to examine burnout in competitive junior tennis players. Thirty junior tennis burnout and 32 comparison players, identified by U.S. Tennis Association personnel, voluntarily completed a battery of psychological assessments. A series of discriminant function analyses and univariate t-tests revealed that burned out, as contrasted to comparison players, had significantly: (a) higher burnout scores; (b) less input into training; (c) were more likely to have played high school tennis; (d) more likely played up in age division; (e) practiced fewer days; (f) were lower in external motivation; (g) were higher in amotivation; (h) reported being more withdrawn; (i) differed on a variety of perfectionism subscales; (j) were less likely to use planning coping strategies; and (k) were lower on positive interpretation and growth coping. It was concluded that in addition to a variety of personal and situational predictors of burno...
396 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the second phase of a larger research project designed to examine burnout in competitive junior tennis players was conducted, and the authors found that burnout is best thought of in terms of Smith's (1986) chronic stress model with physical and social psychological strains falling under it.
Abstract: This article reports findings from the second phase of a larger research project designed to examine burnout in competitive junior tennis players. This phase of the project was qualitative in nature and involved two components. First, interviews were conducted with 10 individuals who were identified as being most burned out in the quantitative phase (Phase 1) of the project. Content analyses of the 10 respondents’ interviews identified mental and physical characteristics of burnout, as well as reasons for burning out. Recommendations for preventing burnout in players, parents, and coaches also were gleaned. Second, the 10 individual cases were examined in light of the major tenants of the three existing models of athlete burnout. Results from the examination of the burnout models suggested that burnout is best thought of in terms of Smith’s (1986) chronic stress model with physical and social psychological strains falling under it.
331 citations
TL;DR: This article reviewed a subset of the literature concerned with burnout, depressive symptomatology, and perceptions of job control and found that the first two constructs share appreciable variance but are not isomorphic.
Abstract: The term “burnout” refers to a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment that can occur in human service professionals. There are now over 2,000 publications on the topic. This paper reviews a subset of the literature concerned with burnout, depressive symptomatology, and perceptions of job control. It appears that the first two constructs share appreciable variance but are not isomorphic. Research also indicates that the development of burnout has a modest association with perceptions of job uncontrollability (i.e., perceived lack of autonomy and little decisional latitude). A conceptual model proposing that perceived uncontrollability induces depression indirectly. by operating through differences in the magnitude of burnout received only equivocal support in longitudinal studies. Prospective designs were proposed as a high priority for future burnout research. Other recommendations for future research included rests of a model that hypothesizes fr...
301 citations
TL;DR: Drake et al. as discussed by the authors found that social workers involved in child welfare show more depersonalzation, less worker comfort, ore r le mbiguity and conflict, and more value conflict than workers in family services agencies or community mental health settings.
Abstract: Brett Drake , PhD, LCSW, is assistant professor ; and Gautam N. Tadama , PhD , is associate professor ; George Warren Brown School of Social Work , Washington University y Campus Box 1196 , One Brookings Drive , St. Louis , MO 63130. The authors ' work was supported by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Grant 90CW 1041/01. The involved ization, most available child demanding less welfare in in child worker the human field welfare and comfort, has difficult services. show long more more been vocational Social role depersonalamong ambiguworkers paths the most demanding and difficult vocational paths available in the human services. Social workers involved in child welfare show more depersonalzation, less worker comfort, ore r le mbiguity and conflict, and more value conflict than workers in family services agencies or community mental health settings (Jayaratne & Chess, 1984; Laird, 1985). Inadequate pay, difficult working conditions, lack of recognition, chronic stress, overwork, and other negative job characteristics have led to a continuing crisis in child welfare worker retention. Some authors (for example, Lee, 1979) have described burnout in child welfare as an inevitable occurrence that can only be postponed. Other authors have cited two-year turnover rates ranging from 46 percent to 90 percent (Harrison, 1980; Jayaratne & Chess, 1984; Jayaratne, Himle, & Chess, 1991; Shannon & Saleebey, 1980). This crisis is particularly serious given the complexity and breadth of skills required for effective child welfare practice. An adequate command of needed skills and competencies may take many months or years to develop (Lee, 1979), and the swift turnover in agencies means a relative lack of skills and competencies in a large percentage of the child welfare workforce. The rapid and continuing loss of experienced and committed child welfare workers must be reduced to ensure a workforce with the skills to perform extremely difficult and critical functions. In addition to its effects on turnover, burnout impairs practice by contributing to lower levels of commitment and impaired decision making (McGee, 1989).
240 citations
TL;DR: There is evidence for a "survivor" category of practitioners for whom burnout either does not develop or is a reversible process and the projected attrition rate over 5 and 10 years appears to be no greater than that of the average medical specialty.
Abstract: Objective: To measure the degree of burnout among emergency physicians (EPs) and to identify and rank predictive factors.
Methods: Using the Maslach Burnout Inventory as well as a 79-item questionnaire, a cross-sectional survey was conducted for physician registrants at the Annual Scientific Assemblies of the American College of Emergency Physicians from 1992 to 1995. Degrees of burnout were stratified into low, moderate, and high ranges. University and stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify and rank correlates to burnout scores.
Results: Of 1, 272 registrants taking the inventory, 60% registered in the moderate to high burnout ranges. Twenty-one correlates were identified. These were classified broadly in terms of negative perceptions of self, negative practice habits and attitudes, and unhealthy lifestyles. The most highly ranked correlates were: self recognition of burnout, lack of job involvement, negative self-assessment of productivity, dissatisfaction with career, sleep disturbances, increased number of shifts per month, dissatisfaction with specialty services, intent to leave the practice within 10 years, higher levels of alcohol consumption, and lower levels of exercise. Age and years of practice were not significant predictors of burnout. Projected attrition rates were 7.5% over 5 years and 25% over 10 years.
Conclusions: Elevated levels of burnout exist among a substantial percentage of surveyed EPs. However, there is evidence for a “survivor” category of practitioners for whom burnout either does not develop or is a reversible process. The projected attrition rate over 5 and 10 years appears to be no greater than that of the average medical specialty.
228 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a tentative dual-level social exchange model of burnout and organizational commitment is proposed that includes social exchange relationships at the interpersonal level (i.e. between human services professional, or caregiver, and recipient) as well as at the organizational level.
Abstract: A tentative dual-level social exchange model of burnout and organizational commitment is proposed that includes social exchange relationships at the interpersonal level (i.e. between human services professional, or caregiver, and recipient) as well as at the organizational level (i.e. between employees and organization). The model was tested and cross-validated in two independent samples that consisted of 220 and 142 student nurses, respectively, by using linear structural modelling with LISREL VII. The hypothesized model assumes that lack of reciprocity at both levels is positively related to burnout, whereas poor organizational commitment is exclusively related to lack of reciprocity at the organizational level. This model fitted reasonably well to the data of both samples. The limitations of the study and its practical implications are discussed, and directions for future research on the dual-level social exchange model are proposed.
TL;DR: This study compares stress and job satisfaction between community and hospital-based staff and finds community work may be inherently more stressful than hospital work, or may currently be stressful because of inadequate resources, training or supervision.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Concerns have been expressed that staff burnout may make community mental health care difficult to sustain. This study compares stress and job satisfaction between community and hospital-based staff.
METHOD The GHQ-12, the Maslach Burnout Inventory and a job satisfaction measure were used to study 160 Inner London staff.
RESULTS Community staff scored significantly higher on the GHQ-12 and the "emotional exhaustion' component of the Maslach Burnout Inventory than hospital-based in-patient, day care or out-patient staff. Satisfaction did not vary significantly between settings.
CONCLUSIONS These results may be explained in several ways. Community work may be inherently more stressful than hospital work, or may currently be stressful because of inadequate resources, training or supervision. The results may also reflect widespread recent changes in community services or the specific effects of working in a deprived area.
TL;DR: Findings with regard to established norms, demographic variables, possible antecedents and consequences of burnout, and burnout models tested with mental health workers are summarized.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to review studies of burnout relating to mental health workers and to propose directions for future research. It will summarize findings with regard to established norms, demographic variables, possible antecedents and consequences of burnout, and burnout models tested with mental health workers. Comparison of group perceptions of burnout is facilitated by the fact that all the papers but one have used the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1981, 1986). Strengths and weaknesses of the research will be analyzed and suggestions offered for extending research in this area.
TL;DR: In this article, a controlled study of 92 special educators and related service providers evaluated the effects of two interventions (a series of stress-management workshops and a peer-collaboration program) on factors known to be correlated with actual turnover (burnout, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment).
Abstract: This article describes a controlled study of 92 special educators and related service providers that evaluated the effects of two interventions (a series of stress-management workshops and a peer-collaboration program) on factors known to be correlated with actual turnover (burnout, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment). Results indicated that improvements on dependent variables occurred as a function of intervention, thus suggesting that the programs show promise as means of providing on-the-job support for such professionals at risk of burnout or exiting the field. In addition, participants perceived the targeted skills and strategies to be practical, valuable ways to prevent or alleviate job burnout.
TL;DR: This article established the construct of "compassion fatigue", encompassing desensitization and emotional burnout, as a phenomenon associated with pervasive communication about social problems, and established the concept of Compassion fatigue as a mental health condition.
Abstract: This study establishes the construct of “compassion fatigue,” encompassing desensitization and emotional burnout, as a phenomenon associated with pervasive communication about social problems. The ...
TL;DR: High levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were associated with anticipating leaving critical care before retirement, and burnout as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory appears to be common in internal medicine intensivists.
Abstract: Objectives
Caring for acutely ill patients imposes significant demands on physicians. The environment and stresses of the ICU may lead to the burnout syndrome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of burnout among internal medicine intensivists and the contributing factors present in ICU practice.
TL;DR: The authors examined the buffering effect on burnout of various forms of social support from different sources, such as the teacher's supervisor, co-workers and friends and family, using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).
Abstract: The present study was conducted in order to examine the buffering effect on burnout of various forms of social support from different sources. Respondents in the study were female and male teachers. Burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) composed of three subscales: Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization and Lack of Personal Accomplishment. Social support was assessed by a modified version of the Caplan scale. The effects of three types of support were assessed: Informational, practical and emotional support from three sources — the teacher's supervisor, co-workers and friends and family. Examination of multiple regression interaction terms between support and sources of stress indicate that, of the three sources of social support, a teacher's co-workers are the most important buffers of emotional exhaustion. There was a buffering effect of informational support on emotional exhaustion. When emotional support functioned as a buffer, the effects were observed in depersonal...
TL;DR: This paper presents data from three research studies on stress, coping and burnout in mental health nurses, and outlines a model which may help both understand the process of stress causation, and move towards the goal of stress reduction.
Abstract: In this paper we present data from three research studies on stress, coping and burnout in mental health nurses. All three studies used a range of self report questionnaires. Measures included a demographic checklist, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the DCL Stress Scale and the Cooper Coping Skills Scale. In all, 648 ward based mental health nurses were surveyed. There were no significant differences between levels of psychological distress on GHQ Total Score, but there were differences in caseness rates. In Study 3, some 38% of nurses were found to score at or above the criterion for caseness. The main stressors for ward staff were to do with staff shortages, health service changes, poor morale and not being notified of changes before they occurred. Differences in coping skills were found across studies. The study group with the highest stress scores also had the lowest coping skills scores. This was also associated with significantly higher alcohol consumption and greater self reported sickness absence. Scores on the Maslach Burnout Inventory showed higher levels of burnout amongst nurses in Study 3. These three studies have confirmed that stress is a problem for ward based mental health nurses. Two main implications arise from this work. Firstly we need models of the stress process that are empirically based, and which help us identify the moderating variables that reduce the impact of stressors on nurses. Secondly, we need to utilise this knowledge to deliver stress management interventions for staff. We end by outlining a model which may help us both understand the process of stress causation, and move towards our goal of stress reduction.
TL;DR: It was observed that those serving in England and Wales exhibited the highest job stress related to structure and climate, co-worker relationships and their managerial role, and findings relating job stress to job satisfaction were inconsistent with other police populations.
Abstract: From a survey of over 500 senior UK police officers completing the occupational stress inventory, it was observed that those serving in England and Wales exhibited the highest job stress related to structure and climate, co-worker relationships and their managerial role. There were no inter-regional differences on the individual difference variables, Type A behaviour, locus of control, or on physical health measures. Superintendents in Scotland used coping methods least frequently including domestic/home support, time management and social support, the latter strategy being most used by Northern Ireland officers. Findings relating job stress to job satisfaction were inconsistent with other police populations. Results are discussed in the context of organizational reform in the police service.
TL;DR: A qualitative study on causes of principal burnout was conducted by as discussed by the authors. The authors attempted to ascertain causes of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment in the principalship.
Abstract: Describes a qualitative study on causes of principal burnout. Aims to ascertain causes of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment in the principalship. Nine principals depict how the principalship has changed and describe elements of their jobs that lead to burnout, as well as reasons for not wanting to continue in the principalship despite intrinsic rewards associated with the job. Discusses several implications including the need for more support systems, greater professional development opportunities, and the need to prepare principals better for the realities of the job.
TL;DR: It is confirmed that staff working with people with cancer or AIDS experience psychological difficulties of the kind likely to respond to interventions aimed at improving their ability to cope with work-related stresses.
TL;DR: The need to find ways to increase the recognition and rewards experienced by carers is pointed to, including reduced attrition and burnout and enhanced quality of life in the work setting.
Abstract: The positive psychological and sociological dimensions of AIDS care provision may produce important information to assist burnout prevention. While most studies on stress and burnout in AIDS health care have focused on the negative and difficult aspects of this work, few have considered the notion that the rewards of care-giving may buffer against stress or counterbalance experiences that may otherwise lead to burnout. A study of HIV/AIDS volunteers examined the relationship between stressors, rewards and burnout, using the HIV Volunteer Inventory and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Correlation data indicates that a lack of a sense of personal accomplishment is a contributor to frequency of burnout. Over a fifth of the variance of burnout frequency can be accounted for by both stress and reward factors. Qualitative interview data also support the importance of rewards. Rewards in the form of gratitude from clients and recognition and support from management positively influenced the organizational climate. This study points to the need to find ways to increase the recognition and rewards experienced by carers. The potential benefits include reduced attrition and burnout and enhanced quality of life in the work setting.
TL;DR: In this article, survey responses from a sample of 337 Canadian teachers were used to estimate the value of the variables in a model explaining teacher burnout which included, in addition to leadership, both personal and organizational variables associated with burnout in previous empirical studies.
Abstract: School restructuring processes typically increase teacher stress and the potential for burnout. This study inquired about the contribution of transformational forms of school leadership to the amelioration of burnout in restructuring contexts. Survey responses from a sample of 337 Canadian teachers were used to estimate the value of the variables in a model explaining teacher burnout which included, in addition to leadership, both personal and organizational variables associated with burnout in previous empirical studies. The LISREL 8 analysis of covariance structure aproach to path analysis and maximum likelihood estimates was used to test the model. Results indicated that leadership had a combined direct and indirect effect on burnout of .34, organizational factors .50, and personal factors .15.
Book•
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: The phase model and burnout as global - motivations and challenges concerning measurement essentials of phase model of global burnout - three sub-domains -here, there and everywhere worksite descriptors and the phase model - mapping patterns in North America and worldwide human costs of burnout as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Phase model and burnout as global - motivations and challenges concerning measurement essentials of phase model of global burnout - three sub-domains - here, there and everywhere worksite descriptors and the phase model - mapping patterns in North America and worldwide human costs of burnout - health-related indicators around the world systems costs and burnout phases - performance, productivity, and use of resources magnitudes of burnout, worldwide - estimating incidence and persistence via the phase model open issues in approaching burnout via the phase model, worldwide phase models of burnout - some working conclusions, worldwide.
TL;DR: This study provides valuable insight into the actual and perceived stressful experiences of critical care nurses, thus contributing to the ongoing effort to reduce burnout in this population.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared measures of health, sleep, psychological and social well-being, job satisfaction and burnout of ICU nurses on 12- and 8-h shifts.
Abstract: It is generally agreed that some features of shift systems can influence the extent of well-being and health problems experienced by the workers involved. Extended working days (9-12 h) have been found to aggravate some problems associated with shiftwork, especially when the work is mentally and emotionally demanding. The aim of the study was to compare measures of health, sleep, psychological and social well-being, job satisfaction and burnout of ICU nurses on 12- and 8-h shifts. The groups of subjects were matced for age, length of shiftwork experience, marital status and number of hours worked. the 12-h shift nurses, when compared to their 8-h shift colleagues, experienced more chronic fatigue, cognitive anxiety, sleep disturbance and emotional exhaustion. Job satisfaction seems to be independent of the shift duration. The nurses on 12-h shifts reported less social and domestic disruption than those on 8-h shifts. The 12-h shift nurses showed worse indices of health, well-being and burnout tan...
TL;DR: Job satisfaction and burnout among two categories of community-based nurses in the Netherlands taking account of job and individual characteristics are described to show that these nurses are moderately satisfied with their jobs and the effects of burnout are average.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Perceived access to power and opportunity was significantly related to the three aspects of burnout: level of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and personal accomplishments.
Abstract: Kanter's structural theory of organizational behavior was used as framework to explore the relationship between perceptions of power and opportunity and level of burnout in a sample of 87 hospital staff nurses. Data were collected using a modified version of the Conditions for Work Effectiveness Questionnaire (Chandler, 1986) and the Human Services Survey (Maslach & Jackson, 1986). Consistent with Kanter's theory, perceived access to power and opportunity was significantly related to the three aspects of burnout: level of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization (r = -.3419, p = .004; r = -.2931, p = .02), and personal accomplishments (r = .3630, p = .002). The results of this study are useful for nurse administrators positioned to create organizational structures than empower staff nurses and subsequently decrease burnout.
TL;DR: The relationships between burnout, empathy and sense of cohoerence (SOC) and, on the other, personality traits were investigated and some correlations between personality traits and burn out, empathy, and SOC, as well as correlations between the latter three phenomena.
Abstract: The relationships between, on the one hand, burnout, empathy and sense of cohoerence (SOC) and, on the other, personality traits were investigated, together with the effects of systematic clinical supervision on these phenomena among Swedish district nurses. The results in the supervisory group (n = 21) were compared with those of a comparison group (n = 12) in a quasi-experimental design. Personality traits were assessed by means of the Karolinska Scales of Personality. The results indicated some correlations between personality traits and burnout, empathy, and SOC, as well as correlations between the latter three phenomena. There were no significant effects of clinical supervision on burnout, empathy, or SOC. More research is needed regarding the effects of clinical nursing supervision.
TL;DR: This paper found that perceived inequity in both types of relationships is linked to emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment, and that low communally oriented nurses restore equity in their relationships with patients by withdrawing emotionally (depersonalization).
Abstract: The present study focused on the distinction between two equity considerations in “people” jobs: the relationship with the recipients with whom one works and the exchange relationship with the organization for which one works. The sample consisted of nurses who were employed in one particular nursing home for mentally retarded patients. The results show that perceived inequity in both types of relationships is linked to emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment. As expected, individual differences in communal orientation differentiate when nurses feel inequitably treated in their relationships with their patients. Moreover, the results suggest that low communally oriented nurses restore equity in their relationships with patients by withdrawing emotionally (depersonalization). In contrast, nurses who felt inequitably treated in the employee-employer relationship reported a higher intent to quit. No direct link between burnout symptoms and the intention to quit was observed.