Showing papers on "Burnout published in 1999"
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: A critical review and synthesis of teacher burnout: A Critical Review and Synthesis: 1. Teacher burnout as discussed by the authors, a critical challenge for leaders of restructuring schools Kenneth A. Jacobs, Michael Huberman and Roland Vandenberghe Part I. Reframing teacher burnouts in the context of school reform and teacher development in the United States.
Abstract: Contributors List of figures List of tables Foreword Klaus J. Jacobs Introduction: burnout and the teaching profession A. Michael Huberman and Roland Vandenberghe Part I. Teacher Burnout: A Critical Review and Synthesis: 1. The nomological network of teacher burnout: a literature review and empirically validated model Barbara M. Byrne 2. Stress and burnout in the teaching profession: European studies, issues and research perspectives Bernd Rudow 3. Teacher stress in a time of reform Mark A. Smylie 4. Teacher burnout: a critical challenge for leaders of restructuring schools Kenneth A. Leithwood, Teresa Menzies, Doris Jantzi and Jennifer Leithwood 5. Intensification and stress in teaching Peter Woods 6. Reframing teacher burnout in the context of school reform and teacher development in the United States Lynne Miller Part II. Teacher Burnout: Perspectives and Remedies: 7. Inconsequentiality - the key to understanding teacher burnout Barry A. Farber 8. Turning our schools into a healthier workplace: bridging between professional self-efficacy and professional demands Isaac A. Friedman 9. Teacher career: between burnout and fading away? Reflections from a narrative and biographical perspective Geert Kelchtermans 10. A psychosocial interpretation of teacher stress and burnout Willy Lens and Saul Neves de Jesus 11. Burnout among teachers as a crisis in psychological contracts Michael P. Leiter 12. Progress in understanding teacher burnout Christina Maslach 13. Teachers' moral purpose: stress, vulnerability and strength Jennifer Nias 14. Teacher burnout from a social-cognitive perspective: a theoretical position paper Ralf Schwarzer and Esther Greenglass 15. Professional identity, school reform and burnout: some reflections on teacher burnout Peter Sleegers 16. Conflicting mindscapes and the inevitability of stress in teaching Thomas J. Sergiovanni 17. Do teachers burn out more easily? A comparison of teachers with other social professions on work stress and burnout symptoms Peter de Heus and Rene F. W. Diekstra 18. Teacher burnout Patricia Albjerg Graham Part III. Teacher Burnout: A Research and Intervention Agenda: 19. Teacher burnout: a research agenda Christina Maslach and Michael P. Leiter 20. Beyond individual burnout: A perspective for improved schools. Guidelines for the prevention of burnout Geert Kelchtermans and Anton Strittmatter References Index.
548 citations
Book•
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13 Sep 1999
TL;DR: The study of emotion in sport and exercise is presented in this article, where cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) model is used to model emotion-performance relationships in sport competitive anxiety anger, aggressive behaviour and athletic performance joy, fun and flow state in sport successful and poor performance and emotions overtraining in athletes burnout in athletes and coaches maladaptive fatigue syndrome and emotions in sport the injured athlete exercise, emotions, and mental health.
Abstract: The study of emotion in sport and exercise - historical, definitional, and conceptual perspectives cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) model -emotion-performance relationships in sport competitive anxiety anger, aggressive behaviour and athletic performance joy, fun and flow state in sport successful and poor performance and emotions overtraining in athletes burnout in athletes and coaches maladaptive fatigue syndrome and emotions in sport the injured athlete exercise, emotions, and mental health.
491 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the sources of stress and symptoms of burnout in 51 rural and 46 urban secondary school teachers from 11 school systems in Georgia and North Carolina and found that urban teachers experienced significantly more stress from poor working conditions and poor staff relations than did rural school teachers.
Abstract: Sources of stress and symptoms of burnout were examined in 51 rural and 46 urban secondary school teachers from 11 school systems in Georgia and North Carolina. Urban school teachers experienced significantly more stress from poor working conditions and poor staff relations than did rural school teachers. Stress from pupil misbehavior and time pressures was significantly greater than stress from poor working conditions and poor staff relations for both rural and urban school teachers. Poor working conditions and time pressures predicted burnout for rural school teachers; pupil misbehavior and poor working conditions predicted burnout for urban school teachers. Results were discussed in relation to designing effective programs to prevent negative effects of stress and burnout.
447 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that chronic burnout is associated with heightened somatic arousal and elevated salivary cortisol levels, which may be part of the mechanism underlying the emerging association between burnout and risk of CVD.
435 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined stressors in police work, focusing specifically on the lack of reciprocity that officers experience in relations with civilians, colleagues and the police service, and investigated the relationship between burnout and the attitudes of officers towards violence, as well as to their own use of violence.
Abstract: Much has been published on burnout in the human services. However, despite the extensive literature on job stress in policing, burnout in police officers has rarely been studied. The present study examined stressors in police work, focusing specifically on the lack of reciprocity that officers experience in relations with civilians, colleagues and the police service. It also investigated the relationship between burnout and the attitudes of officers towards violence, as well as to their own use of violence. Dutch police officers (N = 358) completed a self-report questionnaire. The results showed that: (1) organizational stressors were more prevalent than task-related stressors; (2) compared to other service jobs, police officers report a particular profile on the three scales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)?a relatively low level of emotional exhaustion,an average level of depersonalization, and a high level of personal accomplishment; (3) burnout is associated with a lack of reciprocity between in...
392 citations
TL;DR: The present study used conceptually integrated measures that cover the area of work stress and stress reactions, and provides directions for interventions aimed at preventing or reducing specific negative outcomes of work-related stress in general hospitals.
Abstract: This study of 156 Dutch general hospital nurses tested a theoretically derived model of specific relationships between work stressors and stress reactions. The model proposes four central domains of the work situation, namely work content, working conditions, social and labour relations, and conditions of employment. In addition, the model proposes three important stress reactions, namely a diminished intrinsic work motivation, occupational burnout and an inclination to leave the job. More specifically, it was hypothesized that (i) intrinsic work motivation is primarily determined by work content variables, (ii) burnout is primarily determined by both work load and limited social support, and (iii) propensity to leave is primarily determined by conditions of employment. All these relationships were simultaneously tested using a structural equations modelling technique. The results of a series of LISREL analyses indicate that the postulated model fits well to the data. The present study used conceptually integrated measures that cover the area of work stress and stress reactions, and provides directions for interventions aimed at preventing or reducing specific negative outcomes of work-related stress in general hospitals.
364 citations
Dissertation•
01 Aug 1999
TL;DR: Among 101 trauma counselors, client exposure workload and being paid as a staff member (vs. volunteer) were related to burnout sub-scales, but not as expected to overall burnout or vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress, or general distress.
Abstract: Two constructs, vicarious trauma (VT) and secondary traumatic stress (STS), describe therapists reactions to clients traumatic material. VT (TSI Belief Scale [BSL]), emphasizes cognitive belief system changes resulting from cumulative exposure to survivors. STS, (Compassion Fatigue Self-test for Psychotherapists [CFST]) combines PTSD and burnout symptomatology explaining sudden adverse reactions to survivors. Burnout (BO; Maslach Burnout Inventory [MBI]), links emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and deficient personal accomplishment to inadequate institutional supports in interpersonally demanding work. This study investigated BSL and CFST validity, counselor trauma history, and client exposure-related VT, STS, and BO in 105 trauma counselors. Results demonstrate concurrent validity between BSL and CFST; other results dispute adequate validity. BO, and client exposure were related. Traumatized counselors scored higher than non-traumatized counselors on CFST, BSL, and SCL-90-R.
319 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The review identifies a consistent body of research on the relationships of six areas of worklife; workload, control, reward, community, fairness, and values with burnout and the implications of a focus on mismatches for interventions.
Abstract: Burnout research has considered a wide range of organizational correlates of burnout. It is argued that integrating these various organizational qualities into a comprehensive model of organizational environments will further research on burnout. The primary themes in burnout research fit readily into six areas of worklife; workload, control, reward, community, fairness, and values. These areas are sufficiently broad to encompass the rich variety of research approaches taken in the field while being sufficiently precise to permit clear distinctions among them. The review identifies a consistent body of research on the relationships of these six areas with burnout. The review concludes by considering issues for a research agenda on the organizational antecedents of burnout and noting the implications of a focus on mismatches for interventions.
273 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the construct validity of Schaufeli, Leiter, Maslach, and Jackson's (1996) general burnout measure, the MBI-GS, was examined.
Abstract: This research examines the construct validity of Schaufeli, Leiter, Maslach, and Jackson's (1996) general burnout measure, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS). Whereas burnout is traditionally defined and measured in terms of a phenomenon occurring among workers who work with people, the MBI-GS is intended for use outside the human services. The authors first address the internal validity of the MBI-GS using data from two Dutch samples (179 software engineers and 284 university staff members). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the distinction among the three subscales of the MBI-GS was retained. To examine external validity, these subscales were then related to selected work characteristics. Based on conservation of resources theory, differential patterns of effects were predicted among the correlates and the three burnout subscales. Expectations were largely supported, suggesting that the meaning of the three subscales is quite different. These results largely replicate finding...
248 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that social workers are affected negatively by this type of work and the importance of social support systems at the work setting that will help social workers cope more effectively with stressful work situations is discussed.
Abstract: During the past two decades, there has been considerable interest and research on the phenomena of job satisfaction and burnout in the social work profession (Farber, 1983a; Harrison, 1980; Jayaratne & Chess, 1984; Johnson & Rubin, 1983; Lecroy & Rank, 1987; Maslach, 1986). The direct contact with clients in clinical practice and the continual responsibilities of meeting their emotional as well as their physical needs offer both intrinsic satisfaction and stresses for the providers of the services (Father & Heifetz, 1981; Maslach & Jackson, 1982; Pines & Kafry, 1978). Job satisfaction is defined as a positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job situation and is linked with the characteristics and demands of one's work (Arches, 1991; Butler, 1990; Dressel, 1982; Krislef, 1981; Locke, 1976; Smith, Kendall, & Hulin, 1967). The work-related satisfaction of helping people, achieving change and improvement, and promoting their growth has important implications for social workers' behaviors at work, their desire to continue in their work, and their involvement in the job and with their clients (Beemsterboer & Baum, 1984; Daley, 1979; Deutsch, 1984; Farber & Heifetz, 1981; Maslach, 1976, 1978, 1982; Ratlif, 1988; Streepy, 1981). The literature links job satisfaction with role conflict. It is not uncommon for social workers who work in formal organizations to have different perceptions and expectations of their roles than those of the organization (Harrison, 1980; Olsen & Olsen, 1967; Rosenbaum, 1992). Studies suggest that role conflict has a negative effect on the individual and the organization; it includes job-related tension, conflict and anxiety, and dissatisfaction with the job (Gross, Mason, & McEacherr, 1958; Harrison, 1980; Jayaratne & Chess, 1984; Rosenbaum, 1992). Butler (1990) found that task significance and task variety were positively associated with job satisfaction. Jayaratne and Chess (1984) developed a multidimensional model of job satisfaction that incorporated several job facets that included comfort, challenge, financial rewards, role conflict, role ambiguity, and workload. Burnout is defined as a negative psychological experience that is a reaction of workers to job-related stress (Daley, 1979; Deutsch, 1984; Maslach, 1978, 1982; Ratlif, 1988). Burnout refers to a cluster of physical, emotional, and interactional symptoms, including emotional exhaustion, a sense of lacking personal accomplishment, and depersonalization of clients (Maslach & Jackson, 1982). Burnout symptoms also can include recurrent bouts of flu, headaches, fatigue, poor self-esteem, difficulty in interpersonal relationships, substance abuse, inability to concentrate, rigidity, and tendency to blame clients for their problems (Cherniss, 1980; Pines & Maslach, 1978). In a profession that is client centered and requires emotional involvement that puts stress on service providers, it is not uncommon to have emotionally drained and chronically frustrated workers (Beemsterboer & Baum, 1984; Maslach, 1982). These workers are likely to be unable to deal with the inevitable stresses of their job, and this failure to cope can result in a number of negative consequences, including impaired performance, low morale, absenteeism, and high turnover (Beemsterboer & Baum, 1984; Daley, 1979; Maslach, 1976, 1978, 1982; Streepy, 1981). The literature offers a complex etiological model of burnout, emphasizing the interaction of individual, organizational, and societal factors (Cherniss, 1980; Farber, 1983a; Schaufeli, Maslach, & Marek, 1993). The nature of human services occupations often attracts people who are empathetic and sensitive and who tend to be people oriented but who are also anxious, introverted, and overenthusiastic (Farber, 1983a; Freudenberger & Richelson, 1980; Pines & Aronson, 1981). Often the need to help others is exaggerated and is based on low self-esteem and unrealistic goals, factors associated with the burnout phenomenon (Farber, 1983a; Poulin & Walter, 1993). …
236 citations
01 May 1999
TL;DR: The concept of burnout was originally coined by Maslach and Jackson as mentioned in this paper to describe the chronic emotional strain of dealing extensively with others in need (Maslach, 1982a).
Abstract: “Burnout”, a term originally coined by Freudenberger (1974) to describe healthcare workers who were physically and psychologically depleted, is now commonly associated with human service professionals such as teachers, nurses, social workers, police officers, physicians, and therapists. (For an historical review of the genesis of the burnout construct, see Maslach, this volume.) In broad terms, the idea represents a response to the chronic emotional strain of dealing extensively with others in need (Maslach, 1982a); to date, however, there is still no universally accepted definition of burnout (Dworkin, 1987; Farber, 1991a; Handy, 1988; Jackson, Schwab, and Schuler, 1986; Shirom, 1989). Even so, most empirical work in the area has embraced the three-component structure proposed by Maslach and Jackson, whose seminal validation research is now widely cited (for reviews, see Maslach and Jackson, 1984, 1986; Farber, 1991a). Based on findings of differential patterns of association between each component and other variables for diverse professional groups, Maslach and Jackson (1984, 1986; Jackson et al., 1986) emphasize that burnout should never be conceptualized as unidimensional; rather, it should be regarded as a multidimensional construct comprising three conceptually distinct yet empirically related facets: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment (see Shirom, 1989, for an alternative perspective).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the interrelationships between the burnout dimensions and the hypothesized moderating effect of self-esteem, and found that emotional exhaustion was an important correlate of depersonalization, whereas reduced personal accomplishment was negatively associated with selfesteem and with quality of work content, a resource.
Abstract: Applying the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory as a framework, this study among Dutch nurses (n=156) first tested whether work-related demands, resources and self-esteem were differentially associated with the three burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment and depersonalization), respectively. In addition, the current study investigated the interrelationships between the burnout dimensions and the hypothesized moderating effect of self-esteem. As expected, emotional exhaustion was primarily associated with job demands (i.e. work overload) and-to a slightly lower extent-with resources such as social support and self-esteem. In contrast, but also according to the authors' predictions, depersonalization and personal accomplishment were not associated with job demands. Emotional exhaustion was, as predicted, an important correlate of depersonalization, whereas reduced personal accomplishment was negatively associated with self-esteem and with quality of work content, a resource. ...
TL;DR: Theoretical links which this paper makes between advocacy, moral distress and burnout are supported by empirical data from the study concerning nurses' experiences of moral distress which prompted attempts to advocate for vulnerable patients.
Abstract: Burnout is a major contributor to shortages of experienced nurses. The research literature shows a correlation between moral distress and burnout in critical care nurses. This paper reports on part of an interpretive interactionist study concerning nurses' experiences of moral distress which prompted attempts to advocate for vulnerable patients. One critical incident is used as an example of the qualitative findings of the study. In this paper, we theorize about what happened when nurses advocated for their patients by challenging medical treatments which the nurses believed to be both inappropriate and to contributing to patient suffering. When attempts at advocacy were unsuccessful, the nurses experienced intensified moral distress, frustration and anger. Being an unsuccessful advocate resulted in nurses being relocated within the hospital, nurses being scapegoated and/or burning out. The theoretical links which this paper makes between advocacy, moral distress and burnout are supported by empirical data from the study.
01 May 1999
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that about 60% to 70% of teachers repeatedly show stress symptoms and at least 30% of all teachers show distinct burnout symptoms (see Borg and Falzon, 1989; Brenner, 1982; Capel, 1992; Koleva, 1985; Kyriacou, 1980, Kytaev-Smyk, 1983; Muller-Limmroth, 1980; Temml, 1994).
Abstract: Introduction Stress and burnout are phenomena that are becoming increasingly problematic Whereas teacher stress has been an issue for some time, burnout is gaining importance Being a social helper, the teacher is particularly affected by stress and burnout The data on incidence of stress and burnout in the teaching profession show that in Western and Eastern countries, about 60% to 70% of all teachers repeatedly show stress symptoms and at least 30% of all teachers show distinct burnout symptoms (see Borg and Falzon, 1989; Brenner, 1982; Capel, 1992; Koleva, 1985; Kyriacou, 1980; Kytaev-Smyk, 1983; Muller-Limmroth, 1980; Temml, 1994) Consequences of Stress and Burnout This frequency is particularly serious because of the consequences Stress and burnout have an influence on the following phenomena in particular Sickness Rate The sickness rate of teachers is determined by neurotic and psychosomatic disorders (compare Rudow, 1995) in which stress plays a prominent role Typical symptoms for burnout are fatigue, sleeping disorders, depression, and abuse of alcohol or drugs Absence The sickness rate results in a high absence rate of teachers However, we need to distinguish here between temporary and permanent absence Temporary absence – short and repeated absences – occurs mainly in stress situations, often in the beginning phase of burnout Continuous absences can be observed more in burnout phases Early Retirement Burnout is a developing process, so highly distinct symptoms of performance weakness and fatigue do not generally appear until a person has spent fifteen to twenty years on the job
01 May 1999
TL;DR: Burnout has been recognized as an important stress-related problem for people who work in interpersonally oriented occupations, such as the human services, and the nature of the work (whether it be service, treatment, or education) can be highly emotional.
Abstract: Burnout has long been recognized as an important stress-related problem for people who work in interpersonally oriented occupations, such as the human services. In these occupations, the relationship between providers and recipients is central to the job, and the nature of the work (whether it be service, treatment, or education) can be highly emotional. Unlike unidimensional models of stress, burnout has been conceptualized in terms of three interrelated components: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment (Maslach and Jackson, 1986). Emotional exhaustion refers to feelings of being emotionally overextended and depleted of one's emotional resources; depersonalization refers to a negative, callous, or excessively detached response to other people (often the recipients of one's service or care); and reduced personal accomplishment refers to a decline in one's feelings of competence and successful achievement in one's work. In terms of outcomes, burnout has been linked to decrements in both psychological and physical well-being, and it appears to be a factor in various problem behaviors, both on the job and in the home (see Cordes and Dougherty, 1993; Schaufeli, Maslach, and Marek, 1993). Teaching shares with other human service professions the central role of working in a close relationship with recipients (i.e., students). However, teaching is unique in that these working relationships are dealt with en masse within a classroom (“batch processing”), unlike the more individual and sequential focus of other human services.
TL;DR: The relationship between number of hours worked and burnout depends on the extent to which work schedules meet the needs of the worker, her or his partner, and their children, if any.
Abstract: The authors studied number of hours worked and estimated its relationship to burnout in a nonrandom sample of 141 married physicians. It was hypothesized that this relationship is mediated by a process called fit, conceptualized as the extent to which workers realize the various components of their work—family strategies. Results of structural equation modeling supported the mediation hypothesis. Employees whose work hours are more or fewer than they and their partner prefer and whose work hours are distributed differently than they and their partner prefer will be more disengaged, distracted, and alienated at work than will their counterparts who are working their preferred schedules. Thus, the relationship between number of hours worked and burnout depends on the extent to which work schedules meet the needs of the worker, her or his partner, and their children, if any. The relationship between job conditions and stress-related mental health outcomes has long been studied within the job stress-illness and work-family literatures. Considerable evidence documents associations between particular job conditions and various distress outcomes (Hurrell, Murphy, Sauter, & Cooper, 1988; Karasek, Sauter, Hurrell, & Cooper, 1989; Sauter, Murphy, & Hurrell, 1990). One such outcome is burnout, which refers to a syndrome that includes feelings of emotional exhaustion, lack of professional efficacy, and cynicism (Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1996). Theoretically, burnout results from chronic exposure to particular job characteristics among workers "who do 'people-work' of some kind" (Maslach & Jackson, 1981, p. 99), especially
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the extent of burnout experienced by conseling psychologists and the relationship between levels of burn out and different types of practice settings, selected demographic and work-related variables were investigated.
Abstract: Extent of burnout experienced by conseling psychologists and the relationship between levels of burnout and different types of practice settings, selected demographic and work-related variables were investigated in this study. Burnout was defind in terms of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) subsxales. Multiple regression anslyses were perforned on the data (n = 521). Counseling psychologists in private practice reported the lowest levels of burnout, while those employed in hospital settings reported the highest levels of Burnout. A positive relationship was found between hours of client contact per week and sense of personal accomplishment. Finally, an inverse relationship was reported between age and burnout, and males experienced greater depersonalization of clients than females.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a taxonomy to integrate the principal models proposed in literature to explain the causes and consequences of burnout, and the results obtained for their research team considering variables from every perspective show above.
Abstract: This paper justifies the convenience of studying the burnout syndrome. Taking into consideration a psychosocial orientation, the burnout syndrome is shown as a process that integrates cognitive/aptitudinal (i.e., low personal accomplishment), emotional (i.e., emotional exhaustion), and attitudinal (i.e., depersonalization) components. Based on this conceptualization, we offer a taxonomy to integrate the principal models proposed in literature to explain the causes and consequences of burnout. This taxonomy offers three groups of models. The first group integrates models elaborate considering an individual approach to study burnout. A second group integrates models elaborate from interpersonal approachs (i.e., social exchange theories), and the third group includes models elaborate from organizational approachs. In a second section, we offer the results obtained for our research team considering variables from every perspective show above, and lastly the
paper concludes with suggestions for future research.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the burnout concept in relation to teachers' perceptions of school behaviour problems and assess 200 elementary teachers in terms of their explanatory attribaints.
Abstract: This study focuses on the burnout concept in relation to teachers’ perceptions of school behaviour problems. Specifically, 200 elementary teachers were assessed in terms of their explanatory attrib...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a study on burnout among 249 Dutch elementary and secondary school teachers and find that when teachers invest more than they get back from their school, they report higher levels of emotional exhaustion.
Abstract: Results are presented of a study on burnout among 249 Dutch elementary and secondary school teachers. The current study considers burnout in terms of the exchange of investments and outcomes at interpersonal (teacher-student) and organizational (teacher-school) levels. In addition, demographic (age and gender) and work-related factors (school type, teaching experience, number of hours employed) are included. Findings show that when teachers invest more than they get back from their school, they report higher levels of emotional exhaustion. As expected, at the interpersonal level, low outcomes from students are related to higher burnout levels; whereas at the organizational level, low investments are related to higher burnout levels. These findings are discussed in terms of the extent to which psychological contact is more intimate or impersonal in both types of relationships.
TL;DR: Burnout was the sole predictor of depression which in turn predicted both absenteeism and turnover intention, which indicated fairly strong support for the proposed model which is tested for the first time among a Caribbean population.
TL;DR: It is suggested that working in the community may be more stressful than working in in-patient services, however, there was no evidence to suggest that levels of stress are increasing over time, either in community-based or hospital-based staff.
Abstract: Background: This study examines whether the adoption of a more community based model in an inner city psychiatry service is accompanied by increasing "burnout", deteriorating mental health and decreasing job satisfaction amongst staff. Method. Questionnaires were sent annually for 3 consecutive years to all mental health staff working in three adult mental health sectors in inner London. Main outcome measures were the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Inventory and a general job satisfaction measure. Results: There was no significant change over time in the outcome measures, once confounding by job and demographic variables was examined. Being based in the community was associated with higher GHQ-12 scores (P = 0.02) when compared to in-patient staff over the 3 years. Conclusions: These results suggested that working in the community may be more stressful than working in in-patient services. However, there was no evidence to suggest that levels of stress are increasing over time, either in community-based or hospital-based staff.
TL;DR: A qualitative interview study was carried out, exploring mental health staff's views of their work and of its effects on them, finding that for most professionals, contact with colleagues was one of the major rewards of the job.
Abstract: Background: High levels of burnout and poor psychological well-being, but also relatively high levels of job satisfaction, have been found among mental health staff, especially those based in community settings Aims: In order to investigate the basis of these findings, a qualitative interview study was carried out, exploring mental health staffs views of their work and of its effects on them Method: A semi-structured interview was administered to a purposive sample of 30 professionals, including junior and senior members of each profession in both hospital and community settings Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using QSR NUDIST software Results: For most professionals, contact with colleagues was one of the major rewards of the job There was surprisingly little evidence of conflict or diffculties defining roles between disciplines, except for the social workers, for whom difficulty in defining roles in relation to other professions was a major preoccupation Reported stresses differed between community and hospital staff Community staff tended to find their contacts with patients highly rewarding, but also to feel burdened by a strong and uncomfortable sense of being constantly responsible for their clients' well-being and actions Ward staff, on the other hand, identified as central difficulties in their job lack of autonomy, responsibility and scope for developing an independent therapeutic role They felt demoralised by revolving door' patients and by violence and the need to restrain patients
TL;DR: The high levels of emotional distress and the poor coping capacity reported by the patients with a long history of absence due to illness suggest that cognitive behavioural interventions ought to be integrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain.
Abstract: We studied the associations between psychosocial variables and sick-leave among patients with musculoskeletal pain. Patients (n = 586) seeking care to relieve their pain at health care and physiotherapy centres, completed a questionnaire about such variables as clinical characteristics (e.g. pain intensity), psychological well-being (e.g. burnout, depression) and coping strategies. The results show that the patients who had been on sick-leave for >30 days (n = 217), were significantly more often divorced, immigrants, blue-collar workers and less educated than the rest of the sample. Compared with the rest of the patients, they rated their pain as significantly more severe, frequent, complex and functionally impairing. They reported using more pain medication and tranquillizers, and having undergone more somatic treatments. These patients also showed higher scores on job strain, more symptoms of burnout, anxiety/depression and posttraumatic stress reactions, and poorer coping capacity. Logistic regression analyses revealed that an index related to perceived disability was a major predictor of sick-leave within the group. After controlling for possible confounders, multivariate regression analyses showed that the strongest predictors of the disability index were symptoms of burnout and posttraumatic stress reactions. The results confirm that emotional distress, coping style and perceived disability are associated with sick-leave, after controlling for pain parameters and sociodemographic variables. The high levels of emotional distress and the poor coping capacity reported by the patients with a long history of absence due to illness suggest that cognitive behavioural interventions ought to be integrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain.
01 May 1999
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared a sample of about one thousand teachers with members of other social professions on burnout symptoms and, in an attempt to explain the obtained differences in burnout, on work stressors and social support, they found that teachers are also vulnerable to the common burden of the so-called social professions (i.e., jobs characterized by many interactions with other people that place high demands on the social skills of their professionals): burnout.
Abstract: It is well known that teachers have a demanding and in many cases stressful job. Work overload (Van Ginkel, 1987), lack of autonomy (Jackson, Schwab, and Schuler, 1986), disrespect, inattentiveness and low sociability with pupils (Friedman, 1995d), lack of support from colleagues and management (Brissie, Hoover-Dempsey, and Bassler, 1988), and loss of status of the teaching profession (Friesen and Sarros, 1989) are only a few examples of the stressors that teachers have to cope with. These and other work-stressors appear to manifest themselves in teachers as physical and psychological problems. Premature retirement is the fate of the greater number of Dutch teachers; teachers still active in their job show high rates of sick leave in comparison to workers in many other professions, especially teachers older than fifty (Van Ginkel, 1987). Because of the thoroughly interpersonal character of the teaching job (which demands from the teacher the ability to manage extensive and often intensive contacts with pupils), teachers are also vulnerable to the common burden of the so-called social professions (i.e., jobs characterized by many interactions with other people that place high demands on the social skills of their professionals): burnout (e.g., Maslach, 1982a). Burnout among teachers was the focal topic of the study reported here, in which a sample of about one thousand teachers is compared with members of other social professions on burnout symptoms and, in an attempt to explain the obtained differences in burnout, on work stressors and social support.
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined stress and burnout among men and women collegiate tennis coaches and found that the women had a higher tendency than men did to find coaching issues stressful.
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to examine stress and burnout among collegiate tennis coaches. Three alternative models of stress-mediated relationships between personal/situational variables (hardiness, coaching issues, competitive level, gender, trait anxiety, initiating and consideration leadership styles) and burnout among men (n = 163) and women (n = 98) collegiate head tennis coaches were examined. Preliminary analysis revealed that the tennis coaches in this investigation were suffering from levels of burnout similar to those of other helping professionals working in higher education (Maslach & Jackson, 1986). A gender-by-competition-level (2 × 2) MANOVA on study variables revealed a significant main effect for gender but not for competition level. The women had a higher tendency than the men did to find coaching issues stressful. Structural equation modeling revealed that the stress-mediation model, also featuring direct effects of personality/dispositional variables on burnout, accounted fo...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the impact of burnout dimensions on the intention of female teachers in Israel to leave their current jobs and found that both physical and mental exhaustion was positively and significantly correlated with intention to leave.
Abstract: This study focuses on the impact of burnout dimensions on the intention of female teachers in Israel to leave their current jobs. The 21 items on the A. Pines, E. Aronson, and D. Kafry (1981) Burnout Scale were factor analyzed and classified as physical, emotional, or mental and then correlated with intention to leave by using a multiple regression analysis. Both physical and mental exhaustion were found positively and significantly to influence intention to leave. The influence of emotional exhaustion was not significant; nor were the teachers' ages. Tenure was negatively and significantly correlated with both burnout and intention to leave.
01 May 1999
TL;DR: Burnout is a type of prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job (Kleiber and Enzmann, 1990; Schaufeli, Maslach, and Marek, 1993) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Burnout is a type of prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job (Kleiber and Enzmann, 1990; Schaufeli, Maslach, and Marek, 1993). As such, it has been an issue of particular concern for people-oriented occupations in which (a) the relationship between providers and recipients is central to the work and (b) the provision of education, service, or treatment can be a highly emotional experience. The first articles about burnout, which appeared in the mid-1970s in the United States (Freudenberger, 1974, 1975; Maslach, 1976), provided an initial description of the burnout phenomenon, gave it the identifying name of “burnout”, and showed that it was not an aberrant response by a few deviant people but was actually quite common. My own article focused on the experiences of 200 workers in such occupations as health care, poverty law, social welfare, and mental health care. Interestingly, one of the occupational groups I did not study in this pioneering research was teachers, and among the most frequent comments I received about my article was “teachers have the most experience with the phenomenon you are describing, so why didn't you study them?” Since that time, many researchers and writers have risen to that challenge, so that we now have a substantial literature on burnout within the teaching profession and the opportunity, within this volume, to assess its implications.