Showing papers on "Business model published in 1986"

The Public's Definition of Small Business

Abstract: THE PUBLIC'S DEFINITION OF SMALL BUSINESS There is widespread agreement that small business is an essential component of the United States economic system in terms of such characteristics as number of firms, employment, innovations and the many products and services provided.1 Even so, it is difficult to quantify the contribution of small business to the economy, partly because small business is ill-defined. 1 Robert A. Peterson and Gerald Albaum, "Sources of Capital for Very Small Businesses,' in Raymond W. Smilor and Robert L. Kuhn (eds.), Corporate Creativity: Robust Companies and the Entrepreneurial Spirit (New York: Praeger, 1984), p. 24. Definitions of small business vary widely. Some which have been proposed are: An organization with a name, a place of operations, an owner, and one or more workers other than the owner.2 2 C. E. Tate, Jr., L. C. Megginson, C. R. Scott, Jr., and L. R. Trueblood, Successful Small Business Management (Dallas: Business Publications, Inc., 1978), p. 4. A business that is managed by not more than 3 managers or whose workforce does not exceed 100 persons.3 3 Leah Hertz, In Search of a Small Business Definition (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, Inc., 1982), p. 433. Any enterprise employing 500 or fewer employees.4 4 Andrew T. Nappi and Jay Vora, "Small Business Eligibility: A Definitional Issue,' Journal of Small Business Management (October 1980), p. 23. A business which is independently owned and operated and has either fewer than 100 employees or less than $1,000,000 in gross receipts.5 5 Ibid, p. 25. Perhaps the most widely used definition, however, is that of the Small Business Administration (SBA), which is based on Section 3 of the Small Business Act of 1953 (as amended): A small business concern shall be deemed to be one which is independently owned and operated and which is not dominant in its field of operation. To these essentially qualitative criteria of independent ownership and management (operation) and small market share are added the quantitative criteria of employment and sales volume. These latter criteria, however, are not constant; rather, they vary by type of industry (i.e., 4-digit SIC code) and government program.6 6 See, for example, Small Business Incubator Handbook: A Guide for Startup and Management (Washington: U.S. Small business Administration, 1986). In 1984 the SBA issued a final ruling regarding its revised quantitative criteria or size standards.7 This revision retained both number of employees and sales volume as quantitative criteria, although specific size standards were revised for certain industries and SIC codes. The 1984 ruling represented the end of a four-year process during which proposed revisions were published and comments were solicited and received from businesses and governmental agencies. Interestingly, the public was not systematically or formally involved in the process, even though a major public policy evaluation was conducted. 7 Small Business Administration, "Small Business Size Standards: Revision,' Federal Register (February 8, 1984), pp. 5024-5043. The importance of the SBA size standards selected is obvious: They directly determine which firms are eligible for federal assistance in such areas as loans, loan guarantees, management counseling services, procurement programs, and equity financing. In addition, these size standards are frequently used by state and local government agencies when determining eligibility for resource allocations.8 8 See, for example, Nappi and Vora, "Small Business Eligibility,' pp. 22-27. Public opinion and public policy are intimately related. For example, numerous consumer protection laws have been passed due to the influence of public opinion on public policy. To be effective, public policy must have public support. …

The Structure of Business

Abstract: Brought up-to-date, more attention is now given to the Business Studies section, tasks and graphs have been re-designed and adapted as necessary and the latest examination papers and new examples have been included. Information from many disciplines is brought together in this book - economics, commerce, sociology, politics and business adminsitration - to provide the student with a sound understanding of the business environment and the many varied pressures and inter-relationships which affect an organization. It is suitable for A Level Business Studies, LCCI's Private Secretary's Certificate and IISC/A Level Management of Business examinations.

International Trade and Business in The Late 1980s: An Integrated U.S. Perspective

Abstract: Much of the current research and teaching in international business and trade is not part of a concerted effort in a given direction This is the result of a lack of adequate information about what the major issues will be, and a lack of adequate communication between the academic, business, and policymaking communities This article presents the findings of a Delphi study conducted with academicians, business executives, and policymakers involved in international trade The most crucial issue identified by that research is the current challenge to the multilateral trade framework This challenge emanates from such new factors as trade in services, subsidization, high technology transfer, countertrade, and orderly marketing agreements After discussing these and other newly emerging issues in international business and trade, recommendations are made to encourage a better focus for future research and teaching in the international business and trade arena

Interactive Goal Programming on the Microcomputer to Establish Priorities for Small Business

Abstract: This paper presents an application of interactive goal programming on the microcomputer for small business. The illustrative application in this paper is based on real data obtained from a small business in Wisconsin, U.S.A. The microcomputer-based interactive system indicates that the goal programming approach enables the small-business manager/owner to test a variety of alternative strategies reflected by goal levels and priority structures.

Strategy and business policy

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The Business of News

Abstract: This article for the Emhart Corporation, a large multinational manufacturer, addresses the growing misunderstanding of the press by big business in terms that a businessperson can understand. We draw parallels between the functional operations of business and a metropolitan newspaper. It is not surprising that the often feared and mistrusted reporter and editor have their counterparts in the typical business organization.

What business are you in

Abstract: Ths structure of the health care delivery system continues to evolve, old organizational types taking new forms and new entities joining in a sometimes helter-skelter array. What is missing is order and purpose. Most health care organizations have not yet asked the critical questions, "What business are we in?" and "Who are our customers?" The authors suggest that what is needed is a strategic business unit approach to the process of business development.

Business and Public Policy: The Uses and Limits of Strategic-Structural Analysis

Abstract: I have relied heavily on the works of Chandler and his students for guidance in both teaching and writing business history. I also have found these works quite useful in my adopted field of business and public policy, which I taught in several business schools for seven years. In this paper I will discuss what I consider significant contributions of the growing body of historical literature on the strategy and structure of modern economic institutions to the study of business and public policy, a field also taught under the headings of business and society and the social, legal, and political environment of business in various management schools.

Pacific Asian Business Programs in the United States

Abstract: As Pacific Asia becomes increasingly important in the world economy, business programs are needed for preparing students who want to specialize in this region. This study develops a comprehensive listing of Pacific Asian business programs currently available in the U.S. It is found that the programs vary significantly in terms of length, structure and regional focus. Although there are a few programs of this kind available, the number may still be insufficient. The American business schools may need to do more in response to the Pacific challenge.

Conceptual and practical issues in corporate business definition

Abstract: This research thesis investigates the nature of strategy formulation in diversified corporations. The thesis is structured in four chapters. The first chapter reviews conceptual issues related to the investigation. The review is chiefly based on the portfolio planning and business definition literature. The key conceptual findings are that both of the above areas seek to reduce complexity through the logical partitioning approach to classification. The study uses logical partitioning as the basis of an alternative approach to portfolio planning for the formulation of strategy in diversified corporations. The alternative approach suggests that strategy comes about by answering the fundamental questions of: “what business are we currently in?" and “what business should we be in?". The structure through which answers are found to these questions is a hierarchical classification scheme of the elements of the universes of; products, customers, and administrative structures. The first chapter culminates with a prescriptive model of corporate business definition. The second chapter of the thesis addresses theoretical and practical issues in developing a research methodology to guide the application of the corporate business definition model to the business of a particular corporation. It uses computer based transaction and customer records as a data source and develops an aggregative procedure for profiling areas of the corporation's business which the model suggests are of strategic significance. The third chapter reports on the process of corporate business definition and the profile of the business of a particular corporation which resulted from the application of the model. The profiling started with units of analysis of customers and products (approximately 70,000 customers and several thousand products) and, by a process of aggregation, described the corporation's business in terms of: strategic market segments, customer functions served product-markets, and SBUs. Core competencies of the corporation and SBUs are deduced and strategic missions are suggested. The fourth chapter gives concluding observations which discuss limitations in the model and research methodology, particularly with respect to incorporation of externalities in the model and the lack of operational definitions for many major concepts required. The final chapter also contains suggestions for future research and general conclusions.

An Industrial Analysis for Integrating Business Subjects.

Abstract: (1986). An Industrial Analysis for Integrating Business Subjects. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 61, No. 6, pp. 264-266.