Showing papers on "Business model published in 2006"

Service-Oriented Architecture: Concepts, Technology, and Design

Abstract: "Service Oriented Architecture is a hot, but often misunderstood topic in IT today. Thomas articulately describes the concepts, specifications, and standards behind service orientation and Web Services. For enterprises adopting SOA, there is detailed advice for service-oriented analysis, planning, and design. This book is a must read!"i¾–Alex Lynch, Principal Consultant, Microsoft Enterprise Services"One primary objective of applying SOA in design is to provide business value to the solutions we build. Understanding the right approach to analyzing, designing, and developing service-oriented solutions is critical. Thomas has done a great job of demystifying SOA in practical terms with his book."i¾–Rick Weaver, IBM Senior Consulting Certified SW I/T Specialist"A pragmatic guide to SOA principles, strategy, and best practices that distills the hype into a general framework for approaching SOA adoption in complex enterprise environments." i¾–Sameer Tyagi, Senior Staff Engineer, Sun Microsystems"A very timely and much needed contribution to a rapidly emerging field. Through clarifying the principles and nuances of this space, the author provides a comprehensive treatment of critical key aspects of SOA from analysis and planning to standards ranging from WS-specifications to BPEL. I'll be recommending this book to both clients and peers who are planning on embracing SOA principles."i¾–Ravi Palepu, Senior Field Architect, Rogue Wave Software"Finally, an SOA book based on real implementation experience in production environments. Too many SOA books get lost in the technical details of Web Services standards, or simply repeat vendor hype. This book covers the really hard parts: the complex process of planning, designing and implementing service-oriented architectures that meet organizational goals. It is an essential companion to any software developer, architect, or project manager implementingi¾–or thinking about implementingi¾–a service-oriented architecture." i¾–Priscilla Walmsley, Managing Director of Datypic"Thomas Erl's Service-Oriented Architecture: Concepts, Technology, and Design is as good an introduction to service-oriented architectures as one could wish for. In a single volume, it covers the entire topic, from theory to real-world use to technical details. The examples are superb and the writing is wonderfully clear." i¾–Ronald Bourret, Author, "XML and Databases""Finally an SOA book which gets to the point with real world answers and examples. Erl guides you on a real world SOA journey. From architecture design to industry standards, this book is well written and can be easily referenced for everyday use. When embarking on your own service orientated adventures, this is the book you want in your bag." i¾–Clark Sell, Vice President, CSell Incorporated"Organizations struggling to evolve existing service-oriented solutions beyond simple Web Services now have an expert resource available. Leading the way to the true service-oriented enterprise, Thomas Erl demystifies the complexities of the open WS-I standards with detailed practical discussions and case studies. Erl's depth and clarity makes this work a superb complement to his Field Guide." i¾–Kevin P. Davis, PhD., Software Architect"This book is an excellent guide for architects, developers, and managers who are already working with or are considering developing Web Services or Service-Oriented Architecture solutions. The book is divided into four sections. In the first section the fundamental technologies of XML, Web Services and Service-Oriented Architectures are described in detail with attention given to emerging standards. The book is well written and very thorough in its coverage of the subject. I recommend this book highly to anyone interested in enterprise level service architectures."i¾–Adam Hocek, President and CTO, Broadstrokes, Inc.Additional praise quotes are published at: www.soabooks.com/reviews.aspThe foremost "how-to" guide to SOAService-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is at the heart of a revolutionary computing platform that is being adopted world-wide and has earned the support of every major software provider. In Service-Oriented Architecture: Concepts, Technology, and Design, Thomas Erl presents the first end-to-end tutorial that provides step-by-step instructions for modeling and designing service-oriented solutions from the ground up.Erl uses more than 125 case study examples and over 300 diagrams to illuminate the most important facets of building SOA platforms: goals, obstacles, concepts, technologies, standards, delivery strategies, and processes for analysis and design.His book's broad coverage includes Detailed step-by-step processes for service-oriented analysis and service-oriented design An in-depth exploration of service-orientation as a distinct design paradigm, including a comparison to object-orientation A comprehensive study of SOA support in .NET and J2EE development and runtime platforms Descriptions of over a dozen key Web services technologies and WS-* specifications, including explanations of how they interrelate and how they are positioned within SOA The use of "In Plain English" sections, which describe complex concepts through non-technical analogies Guidelines for service-oriented business modeling and the creation of specialized service abstraction layers A study contrasting past architectures with SOA and reviewing current industry influences Project planning and the comparison of different SOA delivery strategies The goal of this book is to help you attain a solid understanding of what constitutes contemporary SOA along with step-by-step guidance for realizing its successful implementation.About the Web SitesErl's Service-Oriented Architecture books are supported by two Web sites. http://www.soabooks.com provides a variety of content resources and http://www.soaspecs.com supplies a descriptive portal to referenced specifications. i¾ © Copyright Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation Landscape

Abstract: In his landmark book Open Innovation, Henry Chesbrough demonstrated that because useful knowledge is no longer concentrated in a few large organizations, business leaders must adopt a new, "open" model of innovation. Using this model, companies look outside their boundaries for ideas and intellectual property (IP) they can bring in, as well as license their unutilized home-grown IP to other organizations. In Open Business Models, Chesbrough takes readers to the next step--explaining how to make money in an open innovation landscape. He provides a diagnostic instrument enabling you to assess your company's current business model, and explains how to overcome common barriers to creating a more open model. He also offers compelling examples of companies that have developed such models--including Procter & Gamble, IBM, and Air Products. In addition, Chesbrough introduces a new set of players--"innovation intermediaries"--who facilitate companies' access to external technologies. He explores the impact of stronger IP protection on intermediate markets for innovation, and profiles firms (such as Intellectual Ventures and Qualcomm) that center their business model on innovation and IP. This vital resource provides a much-needed road map to connect innovation with IP management, so companies can create and capture value from ideas and technologies--wherever in the world they are found.

Cross-cultural competence in international business: toward a definition and a model

Abstract: Many international business failures have been ascribed to a lack of cross-cultural competence (CC) on the part of business practitioners. However, the international business literature appears to lack an adequate conceptualization and definition of the term ‘CC’, focusing instead on the knowledge, skills and attributes that appear to be its antecedents. In this conceptual study, we propose a definition of CC as it applies to international business and develop a model for understanding how CC is nurtured in individuals, linking our definition to the concept of cultural intelligence. We discuss the components of the model and suggest that there are environmental and contextual impediments to the effective application of the requisite skills, knowledge and attributes that have been identified as necessary for CC, resulting in a gap between ‘knowing’ and ‘doing’. We conclude by discussing the implications of the model for practitioners, and by suggesting appropriate directions for further research.

Innovation diffusion in global contexts: determinants of post-adoption digital transformation of European companies

Abstract: Grounded in the diffusion of innovation theory and the technology–organization–environment framework, we develop an integrative model to study the determinants of post-adoption stages of innovation diffusion, using enterprise digital transformation as an example of technology-enabled innovations. We specify four innovation characteristics (relative advantage, compatibility, costs and security concern) and four contextual factors (technology competence, organization size, competitive pressure and partner readiness) as determinants of post-adoption usage, and postulate usage as an intermediate link to impact on firm performance. We test the proposed model using a dataset of 1415 companies from six European countries. We find that the innovation needs to be used extensively in value-chain activities before its impact can be realized. Among the innovation characteristics, we find that compatibility is the strongest driver, and security concern outweighs cost as a usage inhibitor. Among the contextual variables, technology competence, partner readiness and competitive pressure significantly drive e-business usage, and the structural inertia of large firms tends to slow down its penetration. Collectively, these results indicate that innovation diffusion can be better understood by including both innovation characteristics and contextual factors, whereas earlier literature has traditionally treated the two separately. Finally, we evaluate an international dimension among European countries and tease out important boundary conditions that would not have been evident in a single-country dataset. Our results show that careful attention must be paid to the economic and regulatory factors that may result in uneven innovation diffusion even among developed European countries.

Service-oriented design and development methodology

Abstract: Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) are rapidly emerging as the premier integration and architectural approach in contemporary, complex, heterogeneous computing environments. SOA is not simply about deploying software: it also requires that organisations evaluate their business models, come up with service-oriented analysis and design techniques, deployment and support plans, and carefully evaluate partner/customer/supplier relationships. Since SOA is based on open standards and is frequently realised using Web Services (WS), developing meaningful WS and business process specifications is an important requirement for SOA applications that leverage WS. Designers and developers cannot be expected to oversee a complex service-oriented development project without relying on a sound design and development methodology. This paper provides an overview of the methods and techniques used in service-oriented design and development. The aim of this paper is to examine a service development methodology from the point of view of both service producers and requesters and review the range of elements in this methodology that are available to them.

Science Business: The Promise, the Reality, and the Future of Biotech

Abstract: Why has the biotechnology industry failed to perform up to expectations--despite all its promise? In Science Business, Gary P. Pisano answers this question by providing an incisive critique of the industry. Pisano not only reveals the underlying causes of biotech's problems; he offers the most sophisticated analysis yet on how the industry works. And he provides clear prescriptions for companies, investors, and policy makers seeking ways to improve the industry's performance. According to Pisano, the biotech industry's problems stem from its special character as a science-based business. This character poses three unique business challenges: how to finance highly risky investments under profound uncertainty and long time horizons for R&D, how to learn rapidly enough to keep pace with advances in drug science knowledge, and how to integrate capabilities across a broad spectrum of scientific and technological knowledge bases.The key to fixing the industry? Business models, organisational structures, and financing arrangements that place greater emphasis on integration and long-term learning over shorter--term 'monetisation' of intellectual property. Pisano maintains that all industry players--biotech firms, investors, universities, pharmaceutical companies, government regulators--can play a role in righting the industry. The payoff? Valuable improvements in health care, and a shinier future for human well-being.

Change factors requiring agility and implications for IT

Abstract: The current highly dynamic business environment requires businesses to be agile. Business agility is the ability to swiftly and easily change businesses and business processes beyond the normal level of flexibility to effectively manage unpredictable external and internal changes. This study reports on a cross-industry analysis of change factors requiring agility and assesses agility gaps that companies are facing in four industry sectors in the Netherlands. A framework was constructed to measure the perceived gaps between the current level of business agility and the required level of business agility. The questionnaire and in-depth interviews held reveal that today's businesses perceive to lack the agility required to quickly respond to changes, whose speed and requirements are difficult to predict. The paper presents rankings of generic and sector-specific agility gaps. These show that although some generic change factors requiring agility exist, the change factors requiring agility that cause agility gaps differ across industry sectors. Among the factors that enable or hinder business agility, the existence of inflexible legacy systems is perceived to be a very important disabler in achieving more business agility. A number of basic principles and directions are discussed to transform Information Technology from barrier into key enabler for increased agility in organizations and business networks.

Entry Strategies Under Competing Standards: Hybrid Business Models in the Open Source Software Industry

Abstract: The paper analyzes the strategies of software firms that have entered the open source (OS) field. The notion of the OS business model is discussed in the light of a substantial body of theoretical literature concerning strategic management and the economics of innovation, as well as specialized literature on OS. Empirical evidence based on a survey of 146 Italian software firms shows that firms have adapted to an environment dominated by incumbent standards by combining the offering of proprietary and OS software under different licensing schemes, thus choosing a hybrid business model. The paper examines the determinants of the degree of openness toward OS and discusses the stability of hybrid models in the evolution of the industry.

Do Some Business Models Perform Better than Others

Abstract: This paper defines four basic business models based on what asset rights are sold (Creators, Distributors, Landlords and Brokers) and four variations of each based on what type of assets are involved (Financial, Physical, Intangible, and Human). Using this framework, we classified the business models of all 10,970 publicly traded firms in the US economy from 1998 through 2002. Some of these classifications were done manually, based on the firms' descriptions of sources of revenue in their financial reports; the rest were done automatically by a rule-based system using the same data. Based on this analysis, we first document important stylized facts about the distribution of business models in the U.S. economy. Then we analyze the firms' financial performance in three categories: market value, profitability, and operating efficiency. We find that no model outperforms others on all dimensions. Surprisingly, however, we find that some models do, indeed, have better financial performance than others. For instance, Physical Creators (which we call Manufacturers) and Physical Landlords have greater cash flow on assets, and Intellectual Landlords have poorer q's, than Physical Distributors (Wholesaler/Retailers). These findings are robust to a large number of robustness checks and alternative interpretations. We conclude with some hypotheses to explain our findings.

Technological Development and the Boundaries of the Firm: A Knowledge-Based Examination in Semiconductor Manufacturing

Abstract: This paper examines how the knowledge-based view (KBV) can be applied to firm boundary decisions and the performance implications of those decisions. At the center of the paper is a theoretical and empirical examination of how firms most efficiently organize to solve different types of problems related to technological development, using the semiconductor industry as the empirical setting. Measures that capture important dimensions of performance support the proposition that organization affects performance in problem solving related to knowledge development. Integrated firms realize performance advantages when problem solving in technological development is ill structured and complex, while the same is true for specialized firms when problem solving in technological development is well structured and simple. Performance differences also arise from the presence of scale economies and scope economies.

The inter-organizational context of open innovation

Abstract: Open innovation is almost by definition related to the establishment of ties of innovatingfirms with other organizations. Companies are increasingly forced to team up with othercompanies to develop or absorb new technologies, commercialize new products or simply to stayin touch with the latest technological developments.Firms are working more and more as part of broader networks to create customer value.Those networks are based on the collaborative efforts of specialist companies each providingcomplementary intermediate goods and services. As Information and CommunicationTechnology (ICT) becomes a powerful technology, it allows those companies to be linked bysophisticated business-to-business information systems. But networking can also implycollaboration with other partners. The set of partners can be quite different depending on the goalan innovating company wants to realize: companies develop relations with universities andresearch labs to explore the technical and commercial potential of new technologies, theyestablish alliances with or acquire technology based start ups or set up networks with selectedsuppliers and customers to launch radically new products or services based on new technologiesor a new business model. Learning how to create and capture value when companies are highlydependent on each other is still an under-explored area in the network literature. Most firms areused to make decisions within their boundaries taking the external environment as an exogenousvariable or as an arena where firms compete with one another. But in networks value is co-produced: the total value created in the network depends directly on how well partners'objectives are aligned to each other and on the commitment of the partners to invest incomplementary assets (Teece, 1986; Moore 1991). Similarly, in developing systemictechnologies, the innovating company depends on the technological skills and commitment ofother companies. Most firms do not feel comfortable in these 'open' scenarios where the returnessentially depends on the partnering actors. The three chapters in this section analyze in greater detail how companies have to team upwith other actors in the business system and build inter-organizational networks to support openinnovation. But firms are not only embedded in their environment by inter-organizationalnetworks: they can be part of regionally bounded clusters of competitive firms which, in turn,

Women's business ownership: recent research and policy developments

Abstract: This report aims to provide a current assessment of recent research investigating women's business ownership. The report builds on a previous review undertaken by the authors on behalf of the Small Business Service (Carter, Anderson and Shaw, 2001). The report also explores in broad terms the role and contribution of recent policy developments in changing the landscape of women's enterprise in the UK.

e-Business: Organizational and Technical Foundations

Abstract: 1. The World of e-Business. 2. e-Business Strategy. 3. Business Models. 4. e-Business Relationships. 5. Governance Structures. 6. e - Business Technological Infrastructure. 7. XML the enabling technology for e-Business. 8. Electronic Markets. 9. e-Procurement. 10 e-Business Networks. 11. Intermediaries in the Value Systems. 12. e-Business Modelling. 13. Security and Reliability for e-Business. 14. Approaches to Middleware. 15. Component-based Development. 16. Leveraging Legacy Applications. 17. Enterprise Application Integration. 18. e-Business Integration. 19. Building Loosely Coupled e-Business Applications. 20. Business Protocols. Glossary. References. Index.

New ventures based on open innovation – an empirical analysis of start-up firms in embedded Linux

Abstract: An important and intriguing aspect of e-entrepreneurship is the formation of new ventures in the domain of open source software (OSS). Previous research on these ventures has primarily looked at the design of business models. The purpose of this paper is to explore how three key challenges of venture management – the liabilities of newness and smallness of start-ups and market entry barriers – affect new ventures in OSS. Based on empirical data from personal interviews and a large scale survey, we find that several liabilities that are typically discussed in the entrepreneurship literature are much less of a challenge for new ventures in OSS. Our findings have implications for the emerging theory on e-entrepreneurship and for entrepreneurs considering to exploit business opportunities based on OSS and on open innovation in general.

Towards a reference ontology for business models

Abstract: Ontologies are viewed as increasingly important tools for structuring domains of interests. In this paper we propose a reference ontology of business models using concepts from three established business model ontologies; the REA, BMO, and e3-value. The basic concepts in the reference ontology concern actors, resources, and the transfer of resources between actors. Most of the concepts in the reference ontology are taken from one of the original ontologies, but we have also introduced a number of additional concepts, primarily related to resource transfers between business actors. The purpose of the proposed ontology is to increase the understanding of the original ontologies as well as the relationships between them, and also to seek opportunities to complement and improve on them.

Comparing motivations of individual programmers and firms to take part in the open source movement: From community to business

Abstract: The first urgent question for any scholar willing to study the Open Source (OS) movement has been clearly put by Glass (1999, 104): I don’t know who these crazy people are who want to write, read and even revise all that code without being paid anything for it at all. A growing body of economic literature has been addressing the motivations at the basis of the participation in the OS movement since when the new paradigm has become successful and triggered the entrance on the market of firms offering Open Source based products and services (Open Source firms). However, most of the empirical analyses focus on individual developers and neglect companies that adopt Open Source business models. This paper contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the incentives of the firms that engage in OS activities. Findings on firms’ motivations are compared

Data Mining for Business Intelligence: Concepts, Techniques, and Applications in Microsoft Office Excel with XLMiner

Abstract: Data Mining for Business Intelligence, Second Edition uses real data and actual cases to illustrate the applicability of data mining (DM) intelligence in the development of successful business models Featuring complimentary access to XLMiner, the Microsoft Office Excel add-in, this book allows readers to follow along and implement algorithms at their own speed, with a minimal learning curve In addition, students and practitioners of DM techniques are presented with hands-on, business-oriented applications An abundant amount of exercises and examples, now doubled in number in the second edition, are provided to motivate learning and understanding This book helps readers understand the beneficial relationship that can be established between DM and smart business practices, and is an excellent learning tool for creating valuable strategies and making wiser business decisions New topics include detailed coverage of visualization (enhanced by Spotfire subroutines) and time series forecasting, among a host of other subject matter

Business Models for Technology in the Developing World: The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations

Abstract: The market at the "bottom of the pyramid" represents an important business opportunity, provided that managers understand the challenges of reaching this huge market segment. The difficulties in designing and introducing new products and technologies are generally attributed to the lack of understanding of the local environment in these countries. However, accessing the potential market in the developing world also requires an appropriate business model. Non-governmental organizations are uniquely positioned to develop some of the most innovative and successful business models in the developing world. For-profit organizations would do well to engage with NGOs in order to create effective business models to market technologies in the developing world.

Business Networks: Strategy and Structure

Abstract: Although social, political, technological and business networks hold our modern world together, we still lack a good understanding of what business networks are, how they work, and the language of network analysis that we may apply to solve common, everyday problems. This book looks at such questions as: How do we make sense of the business networks we participate in and the networks we observe from a distance? Are business networks distinct from social networks, and if so what distinguishes them? How can business network analysis from a multidisciplinary perspective enhance strategic management? Emanuela Todeva deftly explores the patterns of networking and the dynamics of network relationships, to show how we can begin to tap their full potential. Of great interest to students and scholars of business network analysis, this revealing volume will also prove informative for managers wishing to obtain insights into network dynamics and its implications for strategic decision making. Business Networks expertly provides an interdisciplinary overview. It skilfully engages the reader with a range of economic, sociological, strategic management and communication theories that contribute to our knowledge of networks and networking. Transcending specific disciplines, and synthesizing the contributions that shape the structural, relational and cultural approaches to network analysis, Todeva’s outstanding text offers a wealth of conceptual frameworks and an exhaustive typology of existing business networks.

Expanding Bank Outreach through Retail Partnerships: Correspondent Banking in Brazil

Abstract: This paper explores the extent to which formal, regulated financial institutions such as banks have been able to partner with ""correspondents"" - commercial entities whose primary objective and business is other than the provision of financial services. The paper illustrates the case of Brazil, where banks recently have developed extensive networks of such correspondents. Such arrangements result in lower costs and shared risks for participating financial institutions, making these arrangements an attractive vehicle for outreach to the underserved. Correspondent banking requires an enabling environment to emerge, and poses some regulatory challenges and some increase in risk. While there are reasons why this model was particularly successful in Brazil, it may be replicable elsewhere if appropriate regulatory adjustments are undertaken.

Family Dynamic and Family Business Financial Performance: Spousal Commitment

Abstract: This article views the survival of a family business as partially dependent on spousal commitment. The decision to launch a business should depend not only on analysis of the opportunity, but also on the degree to which one's spouse shares a common vision about the goals, risks, and rewards of the business. Models and testable hypotheses are developed to guide empirical research on the antecedents and consequences of spousal commitment to a family business. The models can benefit individuals considering the launch of a business, couples that currently own a business, business consultants, and university instructors teaching entrepreneurship courses.

Mainstreaming fair trade: adoption, assimilation, appropriation

Abstract: Fair Trade is a global social movement that blends an alternative business model with explicit transformative objectives—a ‘business and campaign’. This paper explores the ways in which the movement challenges aspects of hegemony, including colonialism and free trade, to transform traditionally exploitative global production and trade relations. We present a case that the mainstreaming of Fair Trade into commercial distribution channels has not led to its principles being embedded in conventional trade. Instead, the dominant discourses of Fair Trade are currently assimilation, and appropriation or ‘clean‐wash’. Finally, we suggest ways in which elements of the movement have maintained their original counter‐hegemonic character, taking Fair Trade beyond the current discourse of individuals ‘shopping for a better world’ and into realms of collective decision making about consumption, and new producer/distributor relationships that challenge the distribution of value, through the ‘alternative high street’.

Is the Business Model a Useful Strategic Concept? Conceptual, Theoretical, and Empirical Insights

Abstract: Although a widely used managerial concept, the notion of a "business model" has only recently begun to receive serious attention from researchers. While disparate opinions exist regarding its nature, the business model holds promise as a focal point for the development of theory in entrepreneurship. Realizing this promise requires progress not only in how to conceptualize the business model but, also, in how to measure a firm's model and draw comparisons across model types. Utilizing a six-component framework published earlier by the authors, a methodology for measuring the business model is demonstrated with a random sample of high-growth firms. Cluster analysis indicates the existence of four generic models. Suggestions are made and implications drawn for ongoing theory development and entrepreneurial practice.

Strategic Management in the Innovation Economy: Strategic Approaches and Tools for Dynamic Innovation Capabilities

Abstract: During the past few years, the global environment has been increasingly causing revolutionary, disruptive innovation changes in traditional industries, corporations and business models. Traditional approaches to strategy are proving to be inadequate to deal with these changes, and those who want to survive and succeed in the highly competitive global economy urgently need more dynamic, innovative and holistic approaches to strategy and strategic management. The major focus of this book is to provide new strategic management approaches and tools to enable capabilities for rapid, discontinuous organizational innovation and change. For both advanced students and business managers, it presents a well-balanced combination of leading-edge theory supported by published articles of prominent scholars, and case studies & examples, all designed to substantiate a new strategic mindset, innovative tools, and practical applications for significantly increased innovative capabilities