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Showing papers on "Calibration curve published in 1972"


Book
01 Apr 1972
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a method for determining the intensity of an element in two-and multicomponent mixtures, based on a linear system of equations, and the results are shown to be consistent with the results in this paper.
Abstract: I Principles and Qualitative Analysis.- 1. Absorption and Scattering of X-Rays.- 2. Characteristic Emission Spectra.- 3. Photoelectrons, Fluorescent Yields, and Auger Electrons.- 4. Qualitative Analysis.- 4.1. General Remarks.- 4.2. Anomalous Intensities of Lines in a Spectrum.- 5. Fluorescent Intensity of a Pure Element.- 5.1. Derivation of the Intensity Formula.- 5.2. Dependence of Fluorescent Intensity on the Anode Material of the Tube.- 6. Fluorescent Intensity of an Element in Two- and Multicomponent Mixtures.- 6.1. Derivation of the Intensity Formula.- 6.2. Intensity Formula for Low Concentrations.- 6.3. Effects of Associated Elements on the Fluorescent Intensity.- 6.4. Example for the Numerical Calculation and the Term Weighted-Average Wavelength.- 7. Interelemental or Secondary Excitation.- 8. Grain-Size and Surface Roughness Effects.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Homogeneous Powders.- 8.3. Heterogeneous Powders.- 8.4. Effects of Surface Roughness.- 9. Intensity Formula for a Divergent Primary Beam.- 10. Apparatus.- 10.1. Instrumentation of X-Ray Fluorescence Units.- 10.2. Generators.- 10.3. X-Ray Tubes.- 10.4. Spectrometers.- 10.5. Collimators.- 10.6. Crystals.- 10.7. Counters.- 10.8. Pulse-Height Analysis and Discrimination.- 10.9. Filters.- 11. Measurement Techniques.- 11.1. Principles of Statistics.- 11.2. Counting Statistics and Counting Loss.- 11.3. Background Correction.- 11.4. Optimal Conditions of Analysis.- 11.5. Short-Term Drift and Variations From Measurement to Measurement.- 11.6. Long-Term Drift.- 11.7. Errors Due to Sample Preparation and Calibration.- 11.8. Detection Limits.- II Quantitative Analysis.- 12. Calibration Curves and Regression Coefficients.- 13. Determination of Low Concentrations.- 13.1. Effects of the Matrix on Fluorescent Intensity.- 13.2. Quantitative Trace Element Determination.- 13.3. Use of Diffusely Scattered X-Ray Radiation.- 14. Determination of Thin Film Thicknesses.- 14.1. Determination of Mass Density.- 14.2. Semiquantitative Determination of Mass Density.- 14.3. Determination of Thin Film Thicknesses via Absorption.- 15. Determination of High Concentrations with Calibration Curves.- 15.1. Curves for Constant Admixture of a Third Component.- 15.2. Curves for Constant Mixing Ratios of Associated Components.- 15.3. Presentation in a Concentration Triangle.- 15.4. Correction for Effects of a Third Component by Correction Factors.- 16. Determination of Concentration, Formulated as a Linear System of Equations.- 16.1. Derivation of the Linear System of Equations.- 16.2. Formulation According to Sherman.- 16.3. Formulation According to Beattie and Brissey.- 16.4. System of Equations According to Marti.- 16.5. Formulation According to Traill and Lachance.- 16.6. Determination of the Interaction Coefficients.- 17. Analysis of Multicomponent Mixtures and Solutions for the Linear System of Equations.- 17.1. Separation into Subsystems.- 17.2. Decomposition and Dilution.- 17.3. Admixture of a Strongly Absorbing Substance.- 17.4. Internal Standard Method.- 17.5. External Standard Method.- 17.6. Double Dilution Method.- 17.7. Effects of Certain Minor Components.- 17.8. Semiquantitative Determination of Concentration.- 17.9. Direct Mathematical Solution.- 17.10. Mathematical Determination of Concentration of a Single Component in a Multicomponent Mixture.- 17.11. Appendix.- III Examples of Applications and Abstracts.- 18. Analysis of Mixtures Which Are Difficult to Separate Chemically.- 18.1. Zirconium-Hafnium.- 18.2. Niobium-Tantalum.- 18.3. Molybdenum-Tungsten.- 18.4. Scandium-Yttrium-Rare Earths.- 18.5. Thorium-Uranium-Plutonium.- 19. Steel and Iron Industry.- 19.1. Steel and Iron.- 19.2. Slags.- 20. Base Metals and Ores.- 20.1. Alloys and Industrial Materials.- 20.2. Ores.- 21. Light-Metal Industry.- 22. Determination of Thicknesses of Thin Films.- 23. Cement Industry and Silicate and Rock Chemistry.- 23.1. Cement and Clay.- 23.2. Silicates and Rocks.- 23.3. Determination of Coordination Number.- 24. Petroleum and Coal Industry.- 24.1. Trace Element Determination in Petroleum Products.- 24.2. Trace Element Determination in Catalysts.- 24.3. Determination of Admixtures in Fuels.- 24.4. Determination of Additives in Lubricating Oils.- 24.5. Trace Element Determination in Coals.- 25. Chemical Industry.- 25.1. Determination of Trace Elements.- 25.2. Determination of Major Elements.- 25.3. Determination of Organic Substances via X-Ray Analysis of an Associated Element.- 26. Medicine and Biology.- 26.1. Medicine.- 26.2. Analysis of Plants, Animal Feed, Water, and Air.- 27. Analysis of Small Amounts of Substance and of Small Areas.- Text References and Articles Abstracted in Part III.

95 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the validity of hydrodynamic volume as the universal calibration parameter is discussed with special reference to the goodness of the solvent for a polymer and polymer polarity, and various calibration procedures which are employed in the determination of molecular weight distribution and average molecular weights for poly(methylmethacrylate), polyethylene and polyisoprene.
Abstract: Procedures for the determination of the log molecular weight vs. elution volume calibration relation are reviewed for linear homopolymers. The calibration curve is readily established with narrow molecular weight distribution fractions. For broad molecular weight distribution fractions the peak molecular weight at the peak elution volume of a fraction's gel permeation chromatogram has to be calculated from average molecular weights. When well-characterised fractions of the polymer requiring analysis are unavailable, a calibration curve can be established by procedures which assume that the hydrodynamic volume of a polymer molecule in solution controls fractionation in gel permeation chromatography. These universal calibration procedures require information on Mark-Houwink viscosity constants or polymer unperturbed dimensions. The validity of hydrodynamic volume as the universal calibration parameter is discussed with special reference to the goodness of the solvent for a polymer and polymer polarity. Examples are given of the various calibration procedures which are employed in the determination of molecular weight distribution and average molecular weights for poly(methylmethacrylate), polyethylene and polyisoprene.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the critical voltage of quenched Ni-Au alloys containing up to 30% Au has been determined, and a significant decrease of ∼ 10 kv per 1% Au addition occurs.
Abstract: The {400} critical voltage of quenched (single phase) Ni-Au alloys containing up to 30% Au has been determined. A significant decrease of ∼ 10 kv per 1% Au addition occurs. The resultant calibration curve has been used to determine the composition of the Ni-rich regions in 2-phase structures produced by ageing inside the miscibility gap of the Ni-Au system.

15 citations


01 Mar 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, an available mathematical solution of ring compression with bulge formation was used to calibrate ring test specimens on the basis of constant interface friction factor, m. The calibration curves for the 6:3:2 ring and other ring geometries were obtained by mathematical computation and a method was established for calibrating all ring geometry with bulges formation.
Abstract: : An available mathematical solution of ring compression with bulge formation was used to calibrate ring test specimens on the basis of constant interface friction factor, m. Calibration curves for the 6:3:2 (Outside Diameter: Inside Diameter: Thickness) and other ring geometries were obtained by mathematical computation and a method was established for calibrating all ring geometries with bulge formation. Calculated calibration curves of the 6:3:2 ring showed very good correlation with experimentally determined interface friction factors, m. The investigation demonstrated that a valid mathematical solution of ring compression can be used for more accurate and less laborious calibration than experimental calibration of ring test specimens.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the introduction of a calibration constant removes the necessity for constructing calibration curves for each ionic species, thus removing the need for constructing a calibration curve for each species.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
H. Zogg1, H. Thomann1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the error in static pressure measurements caused by taps which protrude beyond the wall and disturb the boundary layer locally. The resulting error was presented as a function of the wall shearing stress, the protrusion height and the probe diameter in a representation similar to the calibration curve of Preston tubes.
Abstract: Errors in static pressure measurements caused by taps which protrude beyond the wall and disturb the boundary layer locally are investigated experimentally. The resulting error is presented as a function of the wall shearing stress, the protrusion height and the probe diameter in a representation similar to the calibration curve of Preston tubes. If suitably plotted, the present results can be made to fit this calibration curve to within the experimental accuracy, in spite of the differences between the geometries being compared.

11 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
T. D. Swartz1, D. D. Bly1, A. S. Edwards1
TL;DR: Two independently derived distribution function methods validate both the calibration curve and the dispersion correction of the “effective linear calibration” method used in gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
Abstract: Two independently derived distribution function methods validate both the calibration curve and the dispersion correction of the “effective linear calibration” method used in gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Experimental conditions are specified for making the method more useful by permitting linear extrapolation of the calibration line, and for using a minimum number of standards. The independent methods quantitatively relate known differential of integral distribution functions for standard samples to their respective chromatograms. As such, they are useful calibration methods also, but are limited in scope and range.

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a colorimetric method using dithizone for the determination of water in acetone is described, and a detection limit of 0.02 g of water per 100 ml of solution was obtained.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a calibration technique is described for analysis of several elements in the microgram range based on collection of saturated vapors of aqueous salt solutions, together with an analysis of sensitivity and lower limits of detection are shown.
Abstract: X-ray spectrometric analysis is examined as an analytical tool for elemental determinations of atmospheric aerosols. Contamination levels of the several filters used for collection purposes are examined and the results reported. A calibration technique is described for analysis of several elements in the microgram range based on collection of saturated vapors of aqueous salt solutions. The calibration curves together with an analysis of sensitivity and lower limits of detection are shown. The technique is employed to monitor continuously aerosol content in the atmosphere during passage of a cold front. (auth)

4 citations


Patent
13 Apr 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for correcting for interaction between SUCCESSIVE FLUID SAMPLES in ContinuOUS FLOW AnALYSIS is presented, which can be used to provide ANALYTICAL SAMPLE data CORRECTED for interaction.
Abstract: A METHOD FOR CORRECTING FOR INTERACTION BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE FLUID SAMPLES IN CONTINUOUS FLOW ANALYSIS COMPRISES ANALYZING A SERIES OF FLUID STANDARDS, TWO OF WHICH ARE IDENTICAL. THE STANDARDS ARE ANALYZED IN ANY ORDER IN WHICH ONE OF THE IDENTICAL STANDARDS IS PREDEDED BY A STANDARD OF HIGHER CONCENTRATIONAL VALUE AND THE OTHER IS PRECEDED BY A STANDARD OF LOWER CONCENTRATIONAL VALUE. ANALYSIS OF THE ANALYTICAL RESULTS BY A REITERATIVE ESTIMATION PROCEDURE PROVIDES AN ACCURATE ESTIMATE OF INTERACTION AND A CALIBRATION CURVE CORRECTED FOR INTERACTION. THESE CAN BE USED TO PROVIDE ANALYTICAL SAMPLE DATA CORRECTED FOR INTERACTION.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this investigation drift correction either improved or did not affect the precision and accuracy of the results and a serum drift standard was superior to an aqueous drift standard in the channels studied.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the potentialities of organic adsorbates for a simpler and more rapid gas-solid chromatographic method for determining surface area have been explored, and it has been observed that the logarithm of the surface area of adsorbents varies linearly with the slope of the universal straight line obtained by plotting retention times versus the number of carbon atoms of a selected group of n -paraffins.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: An investigation about applicable content range of a curve was made from point of view of analytical error and it was found the content range by one calibration curve must be limited.
Abstract: In the captioned analysis, a conversion of fluorescent X-ray strength into a quantitative value is done using a calibration curve in most cases.On representing the calibration curve in a secondary formula, an investigation about applicable content range of a curve was made from point of view of analytical error and it was found the content range by one calibration curve must be limited.And furthermore, as for the standardization method for intensity variation, methods of sensitivity correction, background correction and others were compared.As the result it was found that the proper methods were either correcting a calibration curve completely in each time of standardization or correcting both sensitivity and background using 2 standard samples.

01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In this article, film density measurements of X-radiographs can be interpreted into soil density measurements under suitable controlled conditions and with proper calibration curves, and determinations can be made for a model during various stages of testing.
Abstract: : Film density measurements of X-radiographs can be interpreted into soil density measurements under suitable controlled conditions and with proper calibration curves. The method is nondestructive, and determinations can be made for a model during various stages of testing. The method needs to be supplemented to observe deformation and shear planes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of the stones on the neutron moisture meter response was studied and a comparison between the experimental and calculated values allow to define three kinds of influence: the volumic stone percentage is the important parameter, the granulometry does not influence the calibration curve, and on the other hand the spatial stone distribution plays an important role.