Showing papers on "Calorimeter published in 2012"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used an adiabatic calorimeter with vent sizing package 2 (VSP2) to evaluate the thermal hazard characteristics, such as the initial exothermic temperature, self-heating rate, pressure rise rate, and pressure-temperature profiles, which are measured by VSP2 with a customized stainless steel test can.
185 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the temperature windows-to-operate of the Flash DSC 1 has been determined for unloaded sensors under various conditions like purge gas and flow rate variations; cooling to −90°C and heating to 450°C; scan rates from 1 up to 20,000°C−s−1 in heating and 15,000−°C −s− 1 in cooling.
Abstract: For the new Flash DSC 1, the temperature windows-to-operate—the temperature ranges where the real, achieved scan rate is constant—have been determined for unloaded sensors under various conditions like purge gas and flow rate variations; cooling to −90 °C and heating to 450 °C; scan rates from 1 up to 20,000 °C s−1 in heating and 15,000 °C s−1 in cooling. Compared to nitrogen, helium purge gas offers better access to low-temperature transitions and enables faster cooling. Drawback is the decreased temperature window-to-operate in heating at the high-temperature side. The temperature calibration protocol according to the recent DIN SPEC 91127 for sample mass and scan rate was found to be useful. The correction factors are maximal −1.4 °C as measured for 1 μg at 1,000 °C s−1 heating. Using liquid crystalline substances it was proved that the Flash DSC 1 has symmetry, meaning that calibration data found in heating also can be applied in cooling.
107 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of carbon-coated LiFePO4 Li-ion oxide cathode was studied for its electrochemical, thermal, and safety performance, which showed that the carbon coating improves the electronic conductivity.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a pico calorimeter with a highly sensitive sensor for detecting heat from a biological cell was developed and evaluated, and also the heat detection of a single brown fat cell has been demonstrated.
Abstract: A pico calorimeter with a highly sensitive sensor for detecting heat from a biological cell is developed and evaluated, and also the heat detection of a single brown fat cell has been demonstrated. The measurement principle relies on resonant frequency tracking of a resonator in temperature variation due to the heat from the sample; the resonator is placed in vacuum, and heat is conducted from the sample in the microfluidic channel via a heat guide. This configuration can prevent heat loss from the resonator to the surroundings and damping in water. The heat resolution of the fabricated sensor is 5.2 pJ. Heat emissions from single cells are detected as pulsed or continuous in the absence and presence of stimulation, respectively.
80 citations
TL;DR: The method presented provides a simple and reliable procedure for calibration of a pCT scanner that produces measured RSP values of various tissue-equivalent materials that agree to within 0.5% of values obtained using an established water-tank method.
Abstract: Purpose: The authors present a calibration method for a prototype protoncomputed tomography (pCT) scanner. The accuracy of these measurements depends upon careful calibration of the energy detector used to measure the residual energy of the protons that passed through the object. Methods: A prototype pCT scanner with a cesium iodide (CsI(Tl)) crystal calorimeter was calibrated by measuring the calorimeter response for protons of 200 and 100 MeV initial energies undergoing degradation in polystyrene plates of known thickness and relative stopping power (RSP) with respect to water. Calibration curves for the two proton energies were obtained by fitting a second-degree polynomial to the water-equivalent path length versus calorimeter response data. Using the 100 MeV calibration curve, the RSP values for a variety of tissue-equivalent materials were measured and compared to values obtained from a standard depth-dose range shift measurement using a water-tank. A cylindrical water phantom was scanned with 200 MeV protons and its RSP distribution was reconstructed using the 200 MeV calibration. Results: It is shown that this calibration method produces measured RSP values of various tissue-equivalent materials that agree to within 0.5% of values obtained using an established water-tank method. The mean RSP value of the water phantom reconstruction was found to be 0.995 ± 0.006. Conclusions: The method presented provides a simple and reliable procedure for calibration of a pCT scanner.
79 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the thermal characteristics of commercial cylindrical lithium-ion cells using an accelerated rate calorimeter (ARC) and by analyzing the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the energy resolution of a 1 m3 analogue scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter was investigated using charged pions with energies from 10 GeV to 80 GeV at the CERN SPS.
Abstract: The energy resolution of a highly granular 1 m3 analogue scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter is studied using charged pions with energies from 10 GeV to 80 GeV at the CERN SPS. The energy resolution for single hadrons is determined to be approximately 58%/sqrt(E/GeV}. This resolution is improved to approximately 45%/sqrt(E/GeV) with software compensation techniques. These techniques take advantage of the event-by-event information about the substructure of hadronic showers which is provided by the imaging capabilities of the calorimeter. The energy reconstruction is improved either with corrections based on the local energy density or by applying a single correction factor to the event energy sum derived from a global measure of the shower energy density. The application of the compensation algorithms to Geant4 simulations yield resolution improvements comparable to those observed for real data.
60 citations
TL;DR: The thermal-hydraulic performance of microchannel condensers with open-cell metal foams to enhance the air-side heat transfer is investigated in this article, where three different copper metal foam structures with distinct pore densities (10 and 20 PPI) and porosities (0.893 and 0.947) were tested.
44 citations
TL;DR: A novel set of thermocouple sensors has been developed to measure heat fluxes arriving at divertor surfaces in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak, a magnetic confinement fusion experiment, and Langmuir probes in close proximity to the surface thermocouples are used to test plasma-sheath heat transmission theory and to identify potential sources of discrepancies among physical models.
Abstract: A novel set of thermocouple sensors has been developed to measure heat fluxes arriving at divertor surfaces in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak, a magnetic confinement fusion experiment. These sensors operate in direct contact with the divertor plasma, which deposits heat fluxes in excess of ~10 MW/m(2) over an ~1 s pulse. Thermoelectric EMF signals are produced across a non-standard bimetallic junction: a 50 μm thick 74% tungsten-26% rhenium ribbon embedded in a 6.35 mm diameter molybdenum cylinder. The unique coaxial geometry of the sensor combined with its single-point electrical ground contact minimizes interference from the plasma/magnetic environment. Incident heat fluxes are inferred from surface temperature evolution via a 1D thermal heat transport model. For an incident heat flux of 10 MW/m(2), surface temperatures rise ~1000 °C/s, corresponding to a heat flux flowing along the local magnetic field of ~200 MW/m(2). Separate calorimeter sensors are used to independently confirm the derived heat fluxes by comparing total energies deposited during a plasma pulse. Langmuir probes in close proximity to the surface thermocouples are used to test plasma-sheath heat transmission theory and to identify potential sources of discrepancies among physical models.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a compact and finely grained sandwich calorimeter is designed to instrument the very forward region of a detector at a future e+e-collider, which will be exposed to low energy pairs originating from beamstrahlung, resulting in absorbed doses of about one MGy per year.
Abstract: A compact and finely grained sandwich calorimeter is designed to instrument the very forward region of a detector at a future e+e- collider. The calorimeter will be exposed to low energy e+e - pairs originating from beamstrahlung, resulting in absorbed doses of about one MGy per year. GaAs pad sensors interleaved with tungsten absorber plates are considered as an option for this calorimeter. Several Cr-doped GaAs sensor prototypes were produced and irradiated with 8.5-10 MeV electrons up to a dose of 1.5 MGy. The sensor performance was measured as a function of the absorbed dose.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a high-pressure vibrating tube densimeter was used to study the behavior and influence of temperature and pressure on the isothermal compressibility and the isobaric thermal expansivity of iso-octane and 1-butanol.
TL;DR: An ac chip calorimeter for in situ heat capacity measurements of as-deposited nanometer thin films of organic glass formers is described and sample thickness determination is based on a finite element modeling of the sensor sample arrangement.
Abstract: Physical vapor deposition can be used to produce thin films with interesting material properties including extraordinarily stable organic glasses. We describe an ac chip calorimeter for in situ heat capacity measurements of as-deposited nanometer thin films of organic glass formers. The calorimetric system is based on a differential ac chip calorimeter which is placed in the vacuum chamber for physical vapor deposition. The sample is directly deposited onto one calorimetric chip sensor while the other sensor is protected against deposition. The device and the temperature calibration procedure are described. The latter makes use of the phase transitions of cyclopentane and the frequency dependence of the dynamic glass transition of toluene and ethylbenzene. Sample thickness determination is based on a finite element modeling of the sensor sample arrangement. In the modeling, a layer of toluene was added to the sample sensor and its thickness was varied in an iterative way until the model fit the experimental data.
TL;DR: In this article, a membrane-based nanocalorimeter for general specific heat studies of very small samples, ranging from 0.5 µg to sub-μg in mass, is described.
Abstract: A differential, membrane-based nanocalorimeter for general specific heat studies of very small samples, ranging from 0.5 mg to sub-μg in mass, is described. The calorimeter operates over the temperature range from above room temperature down to 0.5 K. It consists of a pair of cells, each of which is a stack of heaters and thermometer in the center of a silicon nitride membrane, in total giving a background heat capacity less than 100 nJ/K at 300 K, decreasing to 10 pJ/K at 1 K. The device has several distinctive features: (i) The resistive thermometer, made of a Ge1 − xAux alloy, displays a high dimensionless sensitivity |dlnR/dlnT| ≳ 1 over the entire temperature range. (ii) The sample is placed in direct contact with the thermometer, which is allowed to self-heat. The thermometer can thus be operated at high dc current to increase the resolution. (iii) Data are acquired with a set of eight synchronized lock-in amplifiers measuring dc, 1st and 2nd harmonic signals of heaters and thermometer. This gives h...
TL;DR: A differential, membrane-based nanocalorimeter for general specific heat studies of very small samples, ranging from 0.5 mg to sub-μg in mass, is described and absolute accuracy is achieved via a variable-frequency-fixed-phase technique.
Abstract: A differential, membrane-based nanocalorimeter for general specific heat studies of very small samples, ranging from 0.5 mg to sub-{\mu}g in mass, is described. The calorimeter operates over the temperature range from above room temperature down to 0.5 K. It consists of a pair of cells, each of which is a stack of heaters and thermometer in the center of a silicon nitride membrane, in total giving a background heat capacity less than 100 nJ/K at 300 K, decreasing to 10 pJ/K at 1K. The device has several distinctive features: i) The resistive thermometer, made of a Ge_{1-x}Au_{x} alloy, displays a high dimensionless sensitivity |dlnR/dlnT | \geq 1 over the entire temperature range. ii) The sample is placed in direct contact with the thermometer, which is allowed to self-heat. The thermometer can thus be operated at high dc current to increase the resolution. iii) Data are acquired with a set of eight synchronized lock-in amplifiers measuring dc, 1st and 2nd harmonic signals of heaters and thermometer. This gives high resolution and allows continuous output adjustments without additional noise. iv) Absolute accuracy is achieved via a variable-frequency-fixed-phase technique in which the measurement frequency is automatically adjusted during the measurements to account for the temperature variation of the sample heat capacity and the device thermal conductance. The performance of the calorimeter is illustrated by studying the heat capacity of a small Au sample and the specific heat of a 2.6 {\mu}g piece of superconducting Pb in various magnetic fields.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the Rapid Heat-Cool DSC (RHC), a fast-scanning calorimeter capable of controlled heating rates of up to 2000 K min −1.
TL;DR: In this paper, the design of new high pressure equipment for structural and dynamical studies on samples in solution is described, and two sample cells for applying pressures up to 150 and 700 MPa (i.e. 1.5 and 7 MPa), respectively, are mounted on special sticks and inserted into the calorimeter of a cryostat to regulate the temperature.
Abstract: The design of new high pressure equipment for structural and dynamical studies on samples in solution is described. We present two sample cells for applying pressures up to 150 and 700 MPa (i.e. 1.5 and 7 kbar), respectively. These cells are mounted on special sticks and inserted into the calorimeter of a cryostat to regulate the temperature. Different parts of the equipment – the pressure controller, the sticks and the cells – are described. In addition, radiography tests which were performed with neutrons in situ at the Institut Laue Langevin to verify the tightness of the cells and the hydrostatic transmission of the pressure to the sample are presented. First results on model lipids are in agreement with former results by R. Winter et al. [Towards an understanding of the temperature/pressure configurational and free-energy landscape of biomolecules, J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn. 32 (2007), pp. 41–97].
TL;DR: In this article, a high temperature resolution study of the specific heat and of the thermal conductivity over the smecticA-nematic and nematic-isotropic phase transitions in octylcynobephenyl liquid crystal using a new photopyroelectric calorimetry configuration is reported, where, unlike previously adopted ones, no calibration is required other than the procedure used during the actual measurement.
Abstract: High temperature resolution study of the specific heat and of the thermal conductivity over the smecticA-nematic and nematic-isotropic phase transitions in octylcynobephenyl liquid crystal using a new photopyroelectric calorimetry configuration are reported, where, unlike previously adopted ones, no calibration is required other than the procedure used during the actual measurement. This makes photopyroelectric calorimetry suitable for “absolute” measurements of the thermal parameters like most other existing conventional calorimetric techniques where, however, the thermal conductivity cannot be measured.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a differential scanning calorimeter for screening tests and accelerating rate calorometer is used for other studies to generate thermal decomposition data under adiabatic conditions for pyrotechnic mixtures.
Abstract: Pyrotechnic mixtures are susceptible to explosive decompositions. The aim of this paper is to generate thermal decomposition data under adiabatic conditions for fireworks mixtures containing potassium nitrate, barium nitrate, sulfur, and aluminum which are manufactured on a commercial scale. Differential scanning calorimeter is used for screening tests and accelerating rate calorimeter is used for other studies. The self heat rate data obtained showed onset temperature in the range of 275–295 °C for the fireworks atom bomb, Chinese cracker and palm leaf cracker. Of the three mixtures studied, atom bomb mixture had an early onset at 275 °C. The mixtures in general showed vigor exothermic decompositions. Palm leaf mixture exhibits multiple exotherm and reached a final temperature of 414 °C. The thermal decomposition contributes to substantial rise in system pressure. The heats of exothermic decomposition and Arrhenius kinetics were computed. The kinetic data are validated by comparing the predicted self heat rates with the experimental data.
TL;DR: In this paper, the reliability of the XRY-1C calorimeter was tested by using naphthalene as reference material; and through comparing the molar combustion enthalpy of naphalene measured with its standard value found in literature, the absolute error and relative error were found to be 4.53 kJ mol−1 and 0.09%, respectively.
Abstract: Using XRY-1C calorimeter, the standard molar enthalpy of taurine was determined to be −2546.2 kJ mol−1. The reliability of the instrument used was tested by using naphthalene as reference material; and through comparing the molar combustion enthalpy of naphthalene measured with its standard value found in literature, the absolute error and relative error were found to be 4.53 kJ mol−1 and 0.09%, respectively. The melting point and melting enthalpy of taurine were determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), which was found to be 588.45 K and −22.197 kJ mol−1, respectively. Moreover, using the DSC method, the specific heat capacities Cp of taurine was measured and the relationship between Cp and temperature was established. The thermodynamic basic data obtained are available for the exploiting new synthesis method, engineering design and industry production of taurine.
TL;DR: In this article, a commercial differential scanning calorimeter was adapted to allow accurate isobaric heat capacity, cp, measurements of cryogenic, high-pressure liquids, at subcritical temperatures between (108.15 and 258.15) K and pressures between (1.1 and 6.35) MPa.
Abstract: A commercial differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was adapted to allow accurate isobaric heat capacity, cp, measurements of cryogenic, high-pressure liquids. At (subcritical) temperatures between (108.15 and 258.15) K and pressures between (1.1 and 6.35) MPa, the standard deviation in the measured cp values was 0.005·cp for methane, 0.01·cp for ethane, and 0.015·cp for propane, which is comparable to both the scatter of cp data for these liquids measured using other techniques and with the scatter of those data sets about the reference equation of state (EOS) values. Three key modifications to the commercial DSC were required to enable these accurate cryogenic, high-pressure liquid cp measurements. First, methods of loading and removing the liquid from the calorimeter without moving the sample cell were developed and tested with high boiling temperature liquids; this modification improved the measurement repeatability. Second, a ballast volume containing a high-pressure vapor phase at constant temperat...
TL;DR: A new calorimeter for dosimetry in small and complex fields has been built and initial measurements in reference conditions and in an IMRT head and neck plan have been made to estimate the thermal characteristics of the device, and to assess its performance in use.
Abstract: A new calorimeter for dosimetry in small and complex fields has been built. The device is intended for the direct determination of absorbed dose to water in moderately small fields and in composite fields such as IMRT treatments, and as a transfer instrument calibrated against existing absorbed dose standards in conventional reference conditions. The geometry, materials and mode of operation have been chosen to minimize detector perturbations when used in a water phantom, to give a reasonably isotropic response and to minimize the effects of heat transfer when the calorimeter is used in non-reference conditions in a water phantom. The size of the core is meant to meet the needs of measurement in IMRT treatments and is comparable to the size of the air cavity in a type NE2611 ionization chamber. The calorimeter may also be used for small field dosimetry.
Initial measurements in reference conditions and in an IMRT head and neck plan, collapsed to gantry angle zero, have been made to estimate the thermal characteristics of the device, and to assess its performance in use. The standard deviation (estimated repeatability) of the reference absorbed dose measurements was 0.02 Gy (0.6%).
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal hazard of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) has been investigated by using accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC), and the results reveal that TBHP has a relative better thermal stability and its initial exothermic decomposition temperature is 69.50 under the adiabatic condition.
Abstract: 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN), an important additive to diesel fuel, is produced from the nitration of iso-octanol with HNO3–H2SO4 mixed acid. In this study, the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) and reaction calorimeter were used to analyze the thermal stability of 2-EHN and the thermal hazard of iso-octanol nitration. Four samples with different ratios of 2-EHN to mixed acid were tested using DSC. The results indicated that more mixed acid could catalyze the decomposition of 2-EHN. Three samples were tested using ARC and the results showed that sample 4 contained the lowest onset temperatures, TD8 and TD24. This shows that there is a higher probability of triggering the decomposition of the product 2-EHN from the iso-octanol nitration process. This conclusion was verified using RC1e tests at different temperatures. The RC1e experiments also indicated that the overall heat generation of these reactions was considerably large despite the high yields of the nitration process at 45 °C and 55 °C. This heat generation makes these semi-batch processes difficult to control, especially on a pilot or plant scale. Based on the maximum temperature of the synthesis reaction (MTSR) corrected by the yield, the only acceptable semi-batch process is the nitration reaction at 10 °C.
TL;DR: Within the Euramet JRP7 project External Beam Cancer Therapy, a work package was dedicated to the primary standards for IMRT (intensity modulated radiation therapy), and a small section graphite calorimeter, GR-10, has been developed.
Abstract: Within the Euramet JRP7 project External Beam Cancer Therapy, a work package was dedicated to the primary standards for IMRT (intensity modulated radiation therapy). The French national metrology laboratory for ionizing radiations, LNE-LNHB, was involved in determining absorbed dose to water based on graphite calorimeters in 6 MV and 12 MV beams for field sizes of 10 cm × 10 cm, 4 cm × 4 cm and 2 cm × 2 cm.The existing GR-09 graphite calorimeter has been successfully used for the beam sizes of 10 cm × 10 cm and 4 cm × 4 cm whereas it was not small enough to perform measurements in the 2 cm × 2 cm beam size. Therefore, during the project a small section graphite calorimeter, GR-10, has been developed.This work deals with the design, construction and tests of this new graphite calorimeter.
TL;DR: Magnetic calorimeters have been under development for over 20 years targeting a wide variety of different applications that require very high resolution spectroscopy as discussed by the authors, and they have a number of properties that distinguish them from other low temperature detectors.
Abstract: Magnetic calorimeters have been under development for over 20 years targeting a wide variety of different applications that require very high resolution spectroscopy. They have a number of properties that distinguish them from other low temperature detectors. In this paper we review these properties and emphasize the types of application to which they are most suited. We will describe what has been learned about the best materials, geometries, and read-out amplifiers and our understanding of the measured performance and theoretical limits. While most magnetic calorimeter research has concentrated on the use of paramagnets to provide the temperature sensitivity, recently magnetically coupled microcalorimeters have been in development that utilize the diamagnetic response of superconductors. We will contrast some of the properties of the two different magnetic sensor types.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented laboratory spectra of dielectronic recombination (DR) satellite transitions attached to the He-like and H-like iron resonance lines obtained with the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray calorimeter and produced by a thermal plasma simu1ation technique on the EBIT-I electron beam ion trap at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Abstract: We present laboratory spectra of dielectronic recombination (DR) satellite transitions attached to the He-like and H-like iron resonance lines obtained with the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray calorimeter and produced by a thermal plasma simu1ation technique on the EBIT-I electron beam ion trap at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. We demonstrate that the calorimeter has sufficient spectral resolution in the 6-9 keV range to provide reliable measurements not only of standard DR satellite to resonance line intensities but also of DR satellite to DR satellite ratios that can be used to diagnose nonthermal electron distributions. Electron temperatures derived from the measured line intensities are consistent with the temperature of the simulated plasma. Temperature measurements based on DR satellite transitions have significant advantages over those based on collisional ionization equilibrium or continuum shape. Thus, successful demonstration of this method with the X-ray calorimeter is an important step fur its application in X-ray astronomy.
01 Dec 2012-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: In this paper, a performance test has been made for an electro-magnetic calorimeter prototype comprised four identical BSO crystals arranged in a 2×2 matrix by utilizing a positron beam in the energy range from 100 to 800 MeV.
Abstract: A performance test has been made for an electro-magnetic calorimeter prototype comprised four identical BSO crystals arranged in a 2×2 matrix by utilizing a positron beam in the energy range from 100 to 800 MeV. The size of each crystal is 40×40×210 mm 3 . This is the world's largest BSO single crystal ever used as a photon detector. The obtained energy resolution is ( σ E / E ) 2 = ( ( 1.71 % ± 0.03 % ) / E ) 2 + ( 1.12 % ± 0.08 % ) 2 at room temperature, where E is the incident positron energy given in GeV. A BGO calorimeter having the same geometry has been employed in the performance test for comparison. The basic scintillation characteristics of BSO crystals measured without the beam are also presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, the air-side thermal-hydraulic performance of spiral wire-on-tube condensers is investigated experimentally in an open-loop wind tunnel calorimeter.
Abstract: The air-side thermal-hydraulic performance of spiral wire-on-tube condensers is investigated experimentally in this paper. Sixteen prototypes have been manufactured and tested in an open-loop wind tunnel calorimeter. The influence of the following geometric parameters has been evaluated: the number of tube passes, the radial and longitudinal tube spacings and the wire spacing. Measurements of the air-side thermal conductance and pressure drop were carried out for air flow rates ranging from 70 to 220 m 3 h −1 . The data were correlated using empirical relationships for the Colburn j -factor and the Darcy friction factor. The agreement with the experimental data presented RMS deviations of 0.9% for the air-side heat transfer and 1.3% for the frictional pressure drop dimensionless parameters. A quantitative analysis based on the core volume goodness factors for heat transfer and pressure drop is presented to provide the most viable configuration from the point of view of application in a refrigerator.
21 Mar 2012-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of the ATLAS liquid argon endcap and forward calorimeters at the planned high luminosity LHC option HL-LHC was evaluated by exposing small calorimeter modules of the electromagnetic, hadronic, and forward CALorimeters to high intensity beams at IHEP/Protvino.
Abstract: We project the performance of the ATLAS liquid argon endcap and forward calorimeters at the planned high luminosity LHC option HL-LHC by exposing small calorimeter modules of the electromagnetic, hadronic, and forward calorimeters to high intensity beams at IHEP/Protvino. The beam intensity extends well beyond the maximum expected for these calorimeters at HL-LHC. The signal reconstruction and calorimeter performance have been studied in full detail.
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of a Dax peloid mixed with thermal and mineral water as a function of the mud concentration was analyzed using a Calvet calorimeter, SETARAM BT 2.15.