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Calorimeter

About: Calorimeter is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5878 publications have been published within this topic receiving 77157 citations.


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TL;DR: It is surprising to see that calorimetry has rarely been applied to monitor and control bioprocesses with intact cells in the laboratory, industrial bioreactors or ecosystems, and miniaturization is presented as a potential way to overcome some inherent weaknesses of conventional calorIMetry.
Abstract: In theory, heat production rates are very well suited for analysing and controlling bioprocesses on different scales from a few nanolitres up to many cubic metres. Any bioconversion is accompanied by a production (exothermic) or consumption (endothermic) of heat. The heat is tightly connected with the stoichiometry of the bioprocess via the law of Hess, and its rate is connected to the kinetics of the process. Heat signals provide real-time information of bioprocesses. The combination of heat measurements with respirometry is theoretically suited for the quantification of the coupling between catabolic and anabolic reactions. Heat measurements have also practical advantages. Unlike most other biochemical sensors, thermal transducers can be mounted in a protected way that prevents fouling, thereby minimizing response drifts. Finally, calorimetry works in optically opaque solutions and does not require labelling or reactants. It is surprising to see that despite all these advantages, calorimetry has rarely been applied to monitor and control bioprocesses with intact cells in the laboratory, industrial bioreactors or ecosystems. This review article analyses the reasons for this omission, discusses the additional information calorimetry can provide in comparison with respirometry and presents miniaturization as a potential way to overcome some inherent weaknesses of conventional calorimetry. It will be discussed for which sample types and scientific question miniaturized calorimeter can be advantageously applied. A few examples from different fields of microbiological and biotechnological research will illustrate the potentials and limitations of chip calorimetry. Finally, the future of chip calorimetry is addressed in an outlook.

34 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a method based on the use of Po 210 and Am 241 point sources deposited on thin (100 μ m diameter) gold-plated tungsten wires permanently suspended in the volume and fixed at the surfaces of the large vessel containing the LXe is presented.
Abstract: Liquid scintillator calorimeters and in particular liquid cryogenic noble gas detectors can be calibrated and monitored by the use of multiple α -sources distributed in the detector sensitive volume. For the MEG experiment we developed a method based on the use of Po 210 and Am 241 point sources deposited on thin ( 100 μ m diameter) gold-plated tungsten wires permanently suspended in the volume and fixed at the surfaces of the large vessel containing the LXe. The method is valuable in measuring the relative QEs of all PMTs surrounding the sensitive LXe volume, in determining the LXe optical properties for the UV scintillation light and in checking the stability of the calorimeter properties during the experiment.

34 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a commercial 40-Ah prismatic LiFePO4/C battery is evaluated using an accelerating rate calorimeter under an adiabatic condition, where the battery cell is charged or discharged at an initial temperature from −12.5 to 40°C and a current rate from 0.2C to 2C.

34 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Martin and Snowdon as discussed by the authors used an on-line minicomputer to control the calorimeter heating rate and computes temperature and specific heat for germanium thermometry.
Abstract: Automatic data acquisition is by means of a slightly modified version of a hard‐wired system described previously (Martin and Snowdon, 1970) combined with an on‐line minicomputer which controls the calorimeter heating rate and computes temperature and specific heat. The new cryostat, calorimeter assembly, and adiabatic shield control are briefly described. Experiments to verify the accuracy of germanium thermometry with the automatic ac bridge are detailed. Operation of the system is illustrated by results on pure copper which show a standard deviation of 0.3% (mostly due to temperature scale defects rather than inherent lack of precision) and agree well with the Copper Reference Equation below 20 K but above this temperature agree more closely with the results of Cetas, Tilford, and Swenson [Phys. Rev. 174, 835 (1968)].

33 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the fire performance of polypropylene compounded with different flame retardants in the cone calorimeter tests and UL-94 burning tests was investigated, and the results showed that the one formulation of V-0 rating in the vertical burning test showed excellent flame retardance.
Abstract: This study addresses the fire performance of polypropylene compounded with different flame retardants in the cone calorimeter tests and UL-94 burning tests. The parameters measured include heat release rate, time to ignition, smoke, and CO/CO2 yields, on the basis of which fire hazard analysis is carried out. By injection-molding different burn-rated polypropylene composites into television back-enclosures and testing them in a full-scale cone calorimeter, we find that the one formulation of V-0 rating in the vertical burning test shows excellent flame retardance.

33 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20224
202193
2020142
2019113
2018150
2017160