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Calorimeter
About: Calorimeter is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5878 publications have been published within this topic receiving 77157 citations.
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TL;DR: The specific heat of seawater solutions from 0.5 to 22‰ chlorinity has been determined at 5°, 15°, 25°, and 35°C by using a new precision heat capacity calorimeter as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The specific heat of seawater solutions from 0.5 to 22‰ chlorinity has been determined at 5°, 15°, 25°, and 35°C by using a new precision heat capacity calorimeter (Picker et al., 1971). The concentration dependence Cl (‰) of the specific heats cp has been fit to cp = cp° + ACp Cl (‰) + BCp Cl (‰)3/2, where cp° is the specific heat of pure water and ACp and BCp are temperature-dependent constants. The specific heats fit this equation with an average deviation of ±0.0002 joule deg−1 g−1 between 15° and 25°C and ±0.0005 joule deg−1 g−1 at 5°C. The specific heats determined in this study are in excellent agreement (±0.002 joule deg−1 g−1) with the results of Cox and Smith (1959) and Bromley et al. (1967, 1970). The apparent equivalent heat capacity ΦCp for sea salt has been determined from these heat capacities, and the concentration dependence (Im is the molal ionic strength) has been analyzed by ΦCp = ΦCp° + SCpIm1/2 + bCpIm, where ΦCp° is the infinite dilution equivalent heat capacity of sea salt (related to ion-water interactions), SCp is the Debye-Huckel limiting law slope (related to ideal ion-ion interactions), and bCp is an empirical constant (related to deviations from the Debye-Huckel limiting law). The relative apparent equivalent heat capacity ΦJ = ΦCp − ΦCp° calculated from our results is in good agreement with the temperature dependence of the enthalpy of seawater ΦJ = ∂ΦL/∂T calculated from the apparent equivalent enthalpy data ΦL of Millero et al. (1973). Young's (1954) rule, ΦCp = ∑EiφCp(i), has been used at 25°C to estimate the ΦCp of sea salt by using data on the major components of seawater in pure water. The estimated ΦCp and cp are in excellent agreement with the measured values.
89 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of carbon-coated LiFePO4 Li-ion oxide cathode was studied for its electrochemical, thermal, and safety performance, which showed that the carbon coating improves the electronic conductivity.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report on the test beam results and calibration methods using high energy electrons, pions and muons with the CMS forward calorimeter (HF), which is essential for a large number of physics channels with missing transverse energy.
Abstract: We report on the test beam results and calibration methods using high energy electrons, pions and muons with the CMS forward calorimeter (HF). The HF calorimeter covers a large pseudorapidity region (\(3\leq|\eta|\leq5\)), and is essential for a large number of physics channels with missing transverse energy. It is also expected to play a prominent role in the measurement of forward tagging jets in weak boson fusion channels in Higgs production. The HF calorimeter is based on steel absorber with embedded fused-silica-core optical fibers where Cherenkov radiation forms the basis of signal generation. Thus, the detector is essentially sensitive only to the electromagnetic shower core and is highly non-compensating (e/h≈5). This feature is also manifest in narrow and relatively short showers compared to similar calorimeters based on ionization. The choice of fused-silica optical fibers as active material is dictated by its exceptional radiation hardness. The electromagnetic energy resolution is dominated by photoelectron statistics and can be expressed in the customary form as \(\frac{a}{\sqrt{E}}\oplus{b}\). The stochastic term a is 198% and the constant term b is 9%. The hadronic energy resolution is largely determined by the fluctuations in the neutral pion production in showers, and when it is expressed as in the electromagnetic case, a = 280% and b = 11%.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, noise rejection algorithms are applied to LHC collision data at the trigger level or in the offline analysis to remove 90% of noise events with fake missing transverse energy above 100 GeV, which is sufficient for the physics trigger operation.
Abstract: Commissioning studies of the CMS hadron calorimeter have identified sporadic uncharacteristic noise and a small number of malfunctioning calorimeter channels. Algorithms have been developed to identify and address these problems in the data. The methods have been tested on cosmic ray muon data, calorimeter noise data, and single beam data collected with CMS in 2008. The noise rejection algorithms can be applied to LHC collision data at the trigger level or in the offline analysis. The application of the algorithms at the trigger level is shown to remove 90% of noise events with fake missing transverse energy above 100 GeV, which is sufficient for the CMS physics trigger operation.
88 citations