Calorimeter

About: Calorimeter is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5878 publications have been published within this topic receiving 77157 citations.

Accurate measurement of induction motor losses using balance calorimeter

Abstract: The accurate measurement of the losses of a 5.5 kW induction motor using a calorimetric method is described. Operating the calorimeter in a balance or ‘null’ mode, the losses can be reliably measured to worst case accuracies of 1.45% on full load. Examples of measured losses are given.

Highly sensitive ac nanocalorimeter for microliter-scale liquids or biological samples

Abstract: We developed an ultrasensitive ac nanocalorimeter for use with biological liquids by means of microfabrication technologies. The volume of the cell measurement is only 5 μL. This nanocalorimeter, tested on deionized water, allows the measurement of heat capacity variation above ±150 nJ/K (resolution of ±5×10−6) with an operating temperature ranging from −20 to 120 °C and a stability of 100 μK. Its use is demonstrated on diluted lysosyme solution measured at the frequency of 3 Hz. At 3 Hz, this ac calorimeter gives only the variation of the heat capacity during the denaturation, which allows complementary thermodynamic investigations as regards to classical differential scanning calorimetry measurements.

The Thermal Conductivities of Mg2Si and Mg2Ge

Abstract: The thermal conductivities of relatively large homogeneous samples of and have been measured in a dynamic calorimeter from 0°C to 300°C. In both samples, phonon scattering predominates, and the relationship, was observed. For , and for

Comprehensive handbook of calorimetry and thermal analysis

Abstract: Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Contributors. Part I PRINCIPLES OF CALORIMETRY AND THERMAL ANALYSIS. 1.1 Calorimetry. 1.1.1 Overview. 1.1.2 Thermodynamic quantities characteristic of multi--component system. 1.1.3 Thermodynamic quantities characteristic of surface and interface. 1.1.4 Thermodynamic quantities in chemical reactions. 1.1.5 Thermodynamics of non--equilibrium states. 1.1.6 Biothermodynamics. 1.2 Thermal Analysis. 1.2.1 Overview. 1.2.2 Thermal analysis for chemical reactions. 1.2.3 Thermal analysis for mechanical properties. 1.2.4 Dynamic viscoelastic phenomena and thermal analysis. 1.2.5 Reaction kinetics in the solid state. 1.2.6 Periodic heating method. Part II EXPERIMENTAL METHODS. 2.1 Temperature Measurement in Thermal Study. 2.2 Principles and Methods of Calorimetry. 2.2.1 Classification and basic principles of calorimeters. 2.2.2 Adiabatic heat capacity calorimetry. 2.2.3 Heat capacity calorimetry by relaxation method. 2.2.4 AC calorimetry. 2.2.5 Laser--flash calorimetry. 2.2.6 High--temperature calorimetry. 2.2.7 Low--temperature calorimetry. 2.2.8 Calorimetry under pressure. 2.2.9 Calorimetry under magnetic field. 2.2.10 Temperature jump calorimetry. 2.2.11 Calvet calorimeter. 2.2.12 Heat of vaporization and sublimation. 2.2.13 Reaction calorimetry. 2.2.14 Heat of solution and mixing. 2.2.15 Heat of immersion and adsorption. 2.2.16 Titration calorimetry. 2.2.17 Flow calorimetry. 2.2.18 Heat capacity spectroscopy. 2.2.19 Calorimetry at extremely high temperatures. 2.2.20 Adiabatic differential scanning calorimetry for biothermodynamics. 2.3 Principles and Methods of Thermal Analysis. 2.3.1 Thermogravimetry (TG) and controlled--rate TG. 2.3.2 Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). 2.3.3 Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). 2.3.4 Temperature--modulated DSC. 2.3.5 Temperature wave analysis. 2.3.6 Triple--cell DSC. 2.3.7 Simultaneous thermal analysis. 2.3.8 Micro thermal analysis by scanning probe microscopes. 2.3.9 Micromechanical calorimetry. 2.4 Other Experiments. 2.4.1 Determination of thermal expansivity. 2.4.2 Steady state method of determination of thermal conductivity/diffusivity. 2.4.3 Transient method for determination of thermal conductivity/diffusivity. 2.4.4 Mass spectrometry. 2.4.5 Determination of electromotive force. 2.4.6 Surface tension. Part III DATA ANALYSIS. 3.1 Data Analysis of Calorimetry. 3.1.1 Purity determination. 3.1.2 Phase transition and normal heat capacity. 3.1.3 Determination of partial molar quantities. 3.1.4 Statistical thermodynamic analysis in biocalorimetry. 3.1.5 Data analysis in titration calorimetry. 3.2 Techniques of Thermal Analysis and the Data Analysis. 3.2.1 Solid--state reaction kinetics by TG. 3.2.2 Baseline and thermal anomaly in DTA and DSC. 3.2.3 Heat capacity measurement by DSC and TM--DSC. 3.2.4 Analysis of isothermal crystallization by DSC. 3.2.5 Glass transition and relaxation phenomena. 3.2.6 Determination of phase diagrams by DTA/DSC. 3.2.7 Purity determination by DSC. Part IV HOW TO UTILIZE THE THERMODYNAMIC DATABASE. 4.1 Thermodynamic and Related Database. 4.1.1 Recent development of thermodynamic database systems. 4.1.2 Phase diagram calculations. 4.1.3 Thermophysical property database. 4.2 Utilization of Thermodynamic Database. 4.2.1 Calculated phase diagram vs observed phase diagram. 4.2.2 Application of chemical equilibrium calculations. 4.2.3 Application of chemical potential diagram. 4.3 Thermodynamic Database for Biomolecules. 4.3.1 Proteins and mutants. 4.3.2 Protein--nucleic acid interaction. Part V ACTUAL APPLICATIONS. 5.1 Metals and Alloys. 5.1.1 Thermal analysis of amorphous alloys. 5.1.2 Thermal analysis of hydrogen--absorbing alloy. 5.1.3 Thermal analyses of heat--resistant type steels and alloys. 5.1.4 Thermodynamic analysis of liquid alloys by temperature--jump calorimetry. 5.1.5 EMF method with solid electrolyte for liquid alloys. 5.1.6 Construction of alloy phase diagrams. 5.1.7 Electronic density of states of quasicrystals. 5.1.8 Kinetics of oxidation in thin metal films. 5.1.9 Lattice--defect concentration in solids from thermal expansion. 5.2 Inorganic Materials and Ceramics. 5.2.1 Heat capacity of UO2 up to 8000K. 5.2.2 Battery materials: Spinels containing Mn for lithium secondary battery. 5.2.3 Thermal conductivity of diamond film. 5.2.4 Kinetic features of the thermal dehydration of inorganic hydrates. 5.2.5 Dehydration of inorganic salts under reduced pressure. 5.2.6 Thermal analysis of water--containing silicate minerals. 5.2.7 Heat of adsorption and evaluation of active sites on the surface. 5.2.8 Nonstoichiometry of oxides by constant temperature TG. 5.2.9 Heat of hydration of zeolite. 5.2.10 Heat capacity of yttria--stabilized zirconia. 5.2.11 Acoustic emission and thermal analysis of phase transitions. 5.2.12 Pore--size distributions in silica gels. 5.2.13 Calorimetry for fast ion conducting glasses. 5.2.14 Negative thermal expansion of ZrW2O8. 5.2.15 Calorimetry of high--pressure minerals. 5.2.16 Heat capacity of diamond and graphite. 5.2.17 Heat capacity anomaly in lead--based complex perovskite relaxors. 5.3 Organic Materials and Polymers. 5.3.1 Strain and resonance energies of fullerenes. 5.3.2 Heat capacity of molecular monolayers. 5.3.3 Entropy of transition of mixed crystals. 5.3.4 Glass transition and residual entropy. 5.3.5 Heat capacity of exotic superconductors. 5.3.6 Magnetic dimensionality and spin--wave excitation of molecule--based magnet. 5.3.7 Calorimetry of liquid crystals. 5.3.8 Alkyl--chain--length dependence of entropy of transition. 5.3.9 High--pressure DTA of liquid crystals. 5.3.10 Crystallization of polymers. 5.3.11 Melting of polymer crystals studied by temperature--modulated DSC. 5.3.12 Origin of double melting peaks of drawn nylon 6. 5.3.13 Glass transition and relaxation in polymers. 5.3.14 Thermal decomposition of polyurethanes containing natural compounds. 5.3.15 Curing of epoxy resins containing plant components. 5.3.16 Phase transition in spin--crossover complex. 5.3.17 Frequency--dependent heat capacity near a glass transition. 5.3.18 Heat capacity of molecular magnets under magnetic field. 5.3.19 Micro thermal analysis of polymers by scanning probe microscopy. 5.4 Biomolecules. 5.4.1 Phase transition of lipid. 5.4.2 Thermal stability and function of Myb protein. 5.4.3 Thermal stability of mutant lysozymes. 5.4.4 Stepwise melting of plasmid DNA in the presence of Mg2+ ion. 5.4.5 Volume and compressibility of proteins. 5.4.6 Enzyme activity. 5.4.7 Protein--DNA interaction. 5.4.8 Molecular recognition of antibody. 5.4.9 Glass transition of protein. 5.5 Medicines. 5.5.1 Purity determination of medicines by DSC. 5.5.2 Evaluation of polymorphic transformation of drugs. 5.5.3 Determination of heat of hydration and hydration kinetics of theophylline hydrates. 5.5.4 Inclusion compound formation between host material and medicinal molecules. 5.5.5 Estimation of initial dissolution rate of drug substances by thermal analysis. 5.5.6 Long--term stability. 5.5.7 Effect of drugs on microbial growth activities. 5.5.8 Drug interaction in human blood. 5.6 Foods and Biomaterials. 5.6.1 Phase transition of glycolipids. 5.6.2 Sol--gel transition in polysaccharides. 5.6.3 Phase transition of polysaccharide helix. 5.6.4 Interaction between starch and water. 5.6.5 Novel biomaterial--water interaction produced by heat treatment. 5.6.6 Nonfreezing water in food. 5.6.7 Quantitative evaluation of food putrefaction. 5.6.8 Thermal analysis of various plant materials. 5.6.9 Dynamic viscoelasticity of hair. APPENDIX. A.1 The international temperature scale of 1990 (ITS--90). A.2 Electromotive force of thermocouples. A.3 Standard reference materials for thermal analysis. A.4 Symbols and notations for thermodynamic and related quantities and their printing. A.5 Guidelines for presentation of experimental results. Index.

Complex plane analysis of heat capacity of polymers in the glass transition region

Abstract: A method is described which enables the direct measurement of relaxation times and relaxed and nonrelaxed heat capacities as a function of temperature. The apparatus designed is to be used as additional equipment to the Perkin-Elmer differential scanning calorimeter DSC-1B. The specimen is heated periodically with time instead of proportionally. The amount and phase of differential heat flow are measured. The parameters of an 'equivalent circuit' of a heat capacity model are fitted to the measured complex Cp values obtained at various frequencies and appropriate amplitudes of temperature. Further applications of the 'oscillating thermal analysis' are proposed.