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Campesterol

About: Campesterol is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 959 publications have been published within this topic receiving 31948 citations. The topic is also known as: (24R)ergost-5-en-3beta-ol.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Since the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease have been dramatically reduced using cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins), the interest in plant sterols lies in their potential to act as a natural preventive dietary product.
Abstract: Plant sterols are an essential component of the membranes of all eukaryotic organisms. They are either synthesised de novo or taken up from the environment. Their function appears to be to control membrane fluidity and permeability, although some plant sterols have a specific function in signal transduction. The phytosterols are products of the isoprenoid pathway. The dedicated pathway to sterol synthesis in photosynthetic plants occurs at the squalene stage through the activity of squalene synthetase. Although the activity of 3-hydroxymethyl-3-glutaryl coenzyme A (HGMR) is rate-limiting in the synthesis of cholesterol, this does not appear to be the case with the plant sterols. Up-regulation of HGMR appears to increase the biosynthesis of cycloartenol but not the Δ5-sterols. A decline in sterol synthesis is associated with a suppression of squalene synthetase activity, which is probably a critical point in controlling carbon flow and end-product formation. The major post-squalene biosynthetic pathway is regulated by critical rate-limiting steps such as the methylation of cycloartenol into cycloeucalenol. Little is known about the factors controlling the biosynthesis of the end-point sterol esters or stanols. The commonly consumed plant sterols are sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol which are predominantly supplied by vegetable oils. The oils are a rich source of the steryl esters. Less important sources of sterols are cereals, nuts and vegetables. The nutritional interest derives from the fact that the sterols have a similar structure to cholesterol, and have the capacity to lower plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Since the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease have been dramatically reduced using cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins), the interest in plant sterols lies in their potential to act as a natural preventive dietary product. Stanols (saturated at C-5) occur in low amounts in the diet and are equally effective in lowering plasma cholesterol and do not cause an increase in plasma levels, unlike the sterols which can be detected in plasma. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry

917 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The serum non-cholesterol sterols are significant indicators of cholesterol absorption and synthesis even under basal conditions and, since gas liquid chromatographic determination of these sterols is quite simple, their measurement may be valuable for monitoring cholesterol metabolism in large-scale epidemiologic studies.
Abstract: To investigate the regulation of serum levels of cholesterol precursor sterols and plant sterols, these noncholesterol sterols, fatty acids, and various parameters of cholesterol metabolism were analyzed in 63 volunteers from a randomly selected Finnish male population sample of 100 subjects, aged 50 years, who had normal dietary habits. Serum levels of cholesterol precursors, desmosterol and lathosterol (in terms of micrograms/mg cholesterol), were negatively related to both the fractional and absolute absorption of dietary cholesterol and serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and positively related to overall cholesterol synthesis and serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol. Serum levels of the plant sterols, campesterol and sitosterol, exhibited positive correlations with the polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio of dietary fat, the linoleic acid contents of plasma and dietary lipids, the amount of dietary plant sterols (as indicated by fecal output), fractional and absolute absorption of dietary cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol, but were inversely related to the overall cholesterol synthesis and VLDL cholesterol. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the serum level of campesterol was associated with fractional cholesterol absorption, dietary plant sterols, and biliary cholesterol secretion, and that of sitosterol with dietary plant sterols, cholesterol synthesis, fractional cholesterol absorption, and biliary cholesterol secretion. Thus, the serum non-cholesterol sterols are significant indicators of cholesterol absorption and synthesis even under basal conditions and, since gas liquid chromatographic determination of these sterols is quite simple, their measurement may be valuable for monitoring cholesterol metabolism in large-scale epidemiologic studies.

653 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Elevated plant sterol levels in the blood and tissues of two sisters with extensive tendon xanthomas but normal plasma cholesterol levels are reported, suggesting that increased absorption of beta-sitosterol must be considered as one cause of this disease.
Abstract: Although the usual diet may contain 150-250 mg of plant sterols, chiefly beta-sitosterol, only trace amounts of these sterols have heretofore been found in human or animal blood and tissues. We now report elevated plant sterol levels in the blood and tissues of two sisters with extensive tendon xanthomas but normal plasma cholesterol levels. Besides beta-sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis, no other physical, mental, or biochemical abnormalities were detected.Repeatedly, the plasmas of the two sisters have contained 27.1 and 17.7 mg/100 ml of beta-sitosterol, 9.7 and 8.2 mg/100 ml of campesterol, and 0.5 and 0.5 mg/100 ml of stigmasterol, respectively. These plant sterols constituted 15.6 and 11.3% of the total plasma sterols. Some 60% of the plasma beta-sitosterol and campesterol was esterified; the measurable stigmasterol was entirely unesterified. The transport of the plasma beta-sitosterol and campesterol was largely in low density lipoproteins (76 and 83%, respectively). High density lipoproteins carried the remainder. Plant sterols were barely detectable in the very low density lipoprotein fraction. Only trace amounts of stigmasterol could be detected in the low density and high density lipoprotein fractions. The plant sterol content of the red blood cells averaged 12-13 mg/100 ml packed cells or about 13% of the total sterols. Two tendon xanthoma biopsies with the usual high concentration of cholesterol had 36.7 and 4.0 mg of plant sterols/g dry wt, of which 25.7 and 2.9 mg were beta-sitosterol, entirely in the free form. Plant sterols were also found in adipose tissue (0.2 mg/g wet wt) and in skin surface lipids (3.2 mg/g of lipid). The intestinal absorption of beta-sitosterol in both the patients, measured by two techniques, indicated greatly increased absorption of this sterol (about 24 and 28% in the patients L. H. and R. H., respectively, normal absorption being <5%). We suggest that increased absorption of beta-sitosterol must be considered as one cause of this disease. The reason for the extensive xanthomatosis in these two patients remains unknown. Perhaps in some way plant sterols initiated the development of xanthomas with otherwise normal plasma cholesterol levels. Clinical atherosclerosis has not yet occurred. The occurrence of beta-sitosterolemia in these two sisters with un-affected parents suggests an inherited recessive trait.

549 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Seeds, grains, and legumes are a rich natural source of phytosterols, Additionally, they contain noticeable amounts of squalene and tocopherols, and in general, their fatty acid profile is favorable.
Abstract: The unsaponifiable lipid fraction of plant-based foods is a potential source of bioactive components such as phytosterols, squalene, and tocopherols. The objective of the present study was to determine the levels of phytosterols, and squalene, as well as tocopherols (α and β + γ) in selected grains, seeds, and legumes. The method comprised acid hydrolysis and lipid extraction followed by alkaline saponification, prior to analysis by HPLC. In addition, the fatty acid profile of the foods was determined via total lipid extraction, fatty acid derivitisation and GC analysis. In general, β-sitosterol was the most prevalent phytosterol, ranging in concentration from 24.9 mg/100 g in pumpkin seed to 191.4 mg/100 g in peas. Squalene identified in all foods examined in this study, was particularly abundant in pumpkin seed (89.0 mg/100 g). The sum of α- and β+ γ-tocopherols ranged from 0.1 mg/100 g in rye to 15.9 mg/100 g in pumpkin seeds. Total oil content ranged from 0.9% (w/w) in butter beans to 42.3% (w/w) in pumpkin seed and the type of fat, in all foods examined, was predominantly unsaturated. In conclusion, seeds, grains, and legumes are a rich natural source of phytosterols. Additionally, they contain noticeable amounts of squalene and tocopherols, and in general, their fatty acid profile is favorable.

470 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Surprisingly, campestanol, the 5α saturated derivate of campesterol, was shown to have higher absorbability compared with its unsaturated compound, in contrast to previous assumptions that hydrogenisa‐tion of the nucleus double bond of a sterol causes a decrease of absorbability.
Abstract: . Intestinal absorption of cholesterol, campes-terol, campestanol, stigmasterol and sitosterol were measured in 10 healthy subjects by an intestinal perfusion technique over a 50 cm segment of the upper jejunum using sitostanol as non-absorbable marker. Cholesterol absorption was highest and averaged 33%, whereas the absorption rate of sitosterol averaged 4.2% and of stigmasterol 4.8%. Higher absorption rates were found for campesterol (9.6%). Canipestanol, the 5a saturated derivative of campesterol, showed the highest absorption rate (12.5%) of all plant sterols. A positive correlation between the absorption rate of cholesterol and campesterol was established. In addition, there was a negative correlation between the ratio of sitosterol to cholesterol and the mass of cholesterol absorption. These results are in agreement with previous observations in animal studies, namely, that increasing the length of the side-chain of cholesterol decreases the absorbability of the sterol. Surprisingly, campestanol, the 5α saturated derivate of campesterol, was shown to have higher absorbability compared with its unsaturated compound. This finding is in contrast to previous assumptions, that hydrogenisa-tion of the nucleus double bond of a sterol causes a decrease of absorbability, as has been demonstrated for cholesterol/cholestanol and sitosterol/sitostanol.

397 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202332
202253
202117
202021
201923
201821