Showing papers on "Capitalism published in 1976"

The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism

Abstract: * Foreword: 1978 * Introduction/The Disjunction of Realms: A Statement of Themes The Double Bind Of Modernity * The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism * The Disjunctions of Cultural Discourse * The Sensibility of the Sixties * Toward the Great Instauration: Religion and Culture in a Post-Industrial Age The Dilemmas Of The Polity * An Introductory Note: From the Culture to the Polity * Unstable America: Transitory and Permanent Factors in a National Crisis * The Public Household: On Fiscal Sociology and the Liberal Society * Afterword: 1996

The cultural contradictions of capitalism

Abstract: * Foreword: 1978 * Introduction/The Disjunction of Realms: A Statement of Themes The Double Bind Of Modernity * The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism * The Disjunctions of Cultural Discourse * The Sensibility of the Sixties * Toward the Great Instauration: Religion and Culture in a Post-Industrial Age The Dilemmas Of The Polity * An Introductory Note: From the Culture to the Polity * Unstable America: Transitory and Permanent Factors in a National Crisis * The Public Household: On Fiscal Sociology and the Liberal Society * Afterword: 1996

Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution : Early Industrial Capitalism in Three English Towns

Abstract: Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution represents both a continuation of, and a stark contrast to, the impressive tradition of social history which has grown up in Britain in the last two decades. Its use of sophisticated quantitative techniques for the dissection of urban social structures will serve as a model for subsequent research workers. This work examines the impact of industrialization on the social development of the cotton manufacturing town of Oldham from 1790-1860; in particular how the experience of industrial capitalism aided the formation of a coherent organized mass class consciousness capable by 1830 of controlling all the vital organs of local government in the town. This will be a useful study to any student of the industrial revolution.

The pro to‐industrial family economy: The structural function of household and family during the transition from peasant society to industrial capitalism 1

Abstract: (1976). The pro to‐industrial family economy: The structural function of household and family during the transition from peasant society to industrial capitalism. Social History: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 291-315.

The development of capitalism in South African agriculture: clas struggle in the countryside

Abstract: (1976). The development of capitalism in South African agriculture: clas struggle in the countryside. Economy and Society: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 292-343.

The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa

Abstract: Editors' Introduction to the Second Edition - Peter C W Gutkind and Immanuel Wallerstein Editors' Introduction to the First Edition - Peter C W Gutkind and Immanuel Wallerstein Three Stages of African Involvement in the World-Economy - Immanuel Wallerstein Phases in the Development of South African Capitalism - Philip Ehrensaft From Settlement to Crises The Political Economy of the African Peasantry and Modes of Production - Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch Rural Political Economy of Africa - Lionel Cliffe Taking the Part of Peasants - Gavin Williams Rural Development in Nigeria and Tanzania From Peasants to Workers in Africa - Robin Cohen The Evolution of the Class Structure in Africa - Bernard Magubane The Congruence of Political Economies and Ideologies in Africa - Claude Ake Southern Africa in Crisis - Ben Turok and Kees Maxey Socioeconomic Effects of Two Patterns of Foreign Capital Investments - Tamas Szentes A Bibliographical Guide to the Study of the Political Economy of Africa - Chris Allen

De‐industrialization in India in the nineteenth century: Some theoretical implications

Abstract: The ‘naive’ idea current among many of the older nationalists of the Third World regarding the de‐industrializing effect of western capitalism on their countries is confirmed by the analysis of occupational data relating to the State of Bihar in India. Similar evidence is also available for Egypt and China. If we shift from models of what can ideally happen under capitalism in its international aspects and look at what actually happened until, say, 1914, we find that it often had opposite effects on the advanced capitalist countries and their overseas offshoots, and on the colonial or semi‐colonial economies of the Third World in respect of industrial employment, investment in productive assets and distribution of income. Technological change even today often carries highly disruptive and inegalitarian consequences for Third World countries. In the light of such experience with market‐orientated growth, an alternative model is suggested in which development proceeds by localized economic activities, distr...

Settler Colonialism: Economic Development and Class Formation

Abstract: THE rise and fall of the settler societies in Africa - in Algeria, Kenya, Rhodesia, and South Africa- is to be understood in relation to the global expansion and limited contraction of European capitalism, and in the light of the notions of underdevelopment and dependency.1 In strong contrast with the general experience of the Third World, settler societies show a capacity for independent capitalist development,2 built upon the heavy exploitation of African land and labour, and policies of economic nationalism externally. They thereby avoid relegation to the periphery of the world system as perpetual suppliers of raw materials, and as providers of dependent domestic markets for the manufactures of the metropole. In the process, the colon state assumes an ambivalent position in relation to imperialism in that it co-operates with the metropole, providing a secure and cheap occupation of a strategic area in return for political support and military aid. Settler societies represent a further exception to the general colonial situation in the appearance of relatively advanced class formations as the consequence of a more real capitalist development. These new urban and rural elements take shape in relation to permanent, total settler domination. Unlike the early decolonisation offered directly to new elites by imperialism elsewhere, the social classes in settler societies are constantly forced towards growth and militant action. The ultimate

Persistence and Change: the petite bourgeoisie in industrial society

Abstract: The Petite Bourgeoisie is a stratum that has attrated little academic study. Historians have given it short shrift, the radical scholars dismissing it as the petty bourgeoisie and the aristocratic historians discounting its members as small fry of no significance! And historians are not alone in their neglect, for in economics, political science and sociology there is a similar disdain for those who cannot be cast in the hero's role in any of the major developments of western capitalism. The petite bourgeoisie remains in the wings because to writers of diverse opinions and academic specialisms it has appeared as essentially trivial.

Rent, Differentiation, and the Development of Capitalism among Peasants

Abstract: This essay examines some processual implications of the incorporation of peasant production within the capitalist economic system. It contends that rent, the primary means by which nonpeasants appropriate the surplus product of peasants, is an inefficient method of appropriation. The implications of that inefficiency for differentiation and capitalist development within peasant communities are then examined.

The development of capitalism in South Africa

Abstract: Source Material on the South African Economy 1860–1970 by H. Hobart Houghton and J. Dagut. Vol. 1, 1972, pp. 369; Vol. II, 1972, pp. 247; Vol. III, 1973, pp. 263. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.

Division of Labor in the Computer Field

Abstract: Throughout the 1960s there was intense academic debate about the effects of automation, particularly as represented by the computer, on the labor process. Bourgeois economists and sociologists,while admitting that automation frequently reduced skills among many kinds of workers, pointed to the growing employment in the computer industry itself as a bright spot for labor. Many of the new jobs in this growing field were categorized as technical and professional and were considered illustrative of labor-force upgrading.… What was missing from these early evaluations was a firm understanding of the labor processes of capitalism. Marx's analysis is no less applicable to an occupation that could not have been conceived of in his day. In a short twenty-year span, work in the computer field has been transformed by capitalism to suit its needs, through carefully planned division of labor.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

From Feudalism to Capitalism: Transition or Transitions?

Abstract: Discussion of the so-called transition from feudalism to capitalism is confused because three separate phenomena are compounded together: the initial and unique transformation of the feudal variant of a redistributive world-empire into a capitalist world-economy, subsequent incorporations of outside arenas into this latter system, and the extension of the proletarianization of labor and the commercialization of land within the ongoing capitalist world-economy. Clarification of the nature of these three separate processes will aid us in comprehending the nature of the contemporary transition from a capitalist world-economy to a socialist world-economy.

A summary of "problems and perspectives of dependency theory"~*

Abstract: Dependency theory has developed from two different perspectives: on the one hand it is a repudiation of bourgeois sociology and its interpretations of Latin American history, opposing such theories as that of structural dualism, functionalism in all its interpretations and, of course, the "desarrollista" approaches. It has served a positive critical function without which it is impossible to imagine the current orientation of academic sociology in Latin America. On the other hand it emerges in conflict with, and as an alternative to, what has been called "traditional" Marxism. A certain paradox exists in that dependency theory criticizes bourgeois thinking from a perspective near to Marxism, while at the same time it criticizes Marxism-Leninism from a perspective full of concepts taken from bourgeois social sciences and the "desarrollista" approaches. The best example of this confusion in dependency theory is the discussion on feudalism and capitalism in Latin America: to make sense of Andre Gunder Frank's thesis that Latin America has been capitalist since the Spanish-Portuguese conquest one has to abandon Marx's notion of capitalism and equate capitalism simply with money economy. Dependency theory has in fact sought to become a "neoMarxism" without Marx. The ambiguity which arises from this has even weakened the criticism made of bourgeois theories of development and underdevelopment, in that the critics remain very much within their frames of reference. An example is provided by Gunder Frank's polemic on whether Parsons' universal values are more characteristic of underdeveloped than developed countries (Frank:1969b). This overlooks the main problem with Parsons' analysis which is that of substituting superficial effects and their consideration for the analysis of the underlying structures. The same could be said of Rodolfo Stavenhagen's treatment of structural dualism (1968). Although he criticizes the use of this concept, he merely transposes meanings and continues to utilize it. Thus, no longer is the traditional sector responsible for underdevelopment, but rather

Capitalism and the development of agriculture

Abstract: In this chapter I shall try to complement as well as to make more concrete some of the theoretical points of the two previous chapters by a detailed analysis of two books on development: (a) S. Amin and K. Vergopoulos, La question paysanne et le capitalisme;1 and (b) K. Vergopoulos, The agrarian problem in Greece: The issue of the social incorporation of agriculture.2 These two works reflect, in varying degrees, two recent interconnected trends in Marxism which have stimulated important theoretical debates and fruitful empirical research in a number of different areas. The first refers to Althusser’s work which, by advocating a return to the type of rigorous analysis found in Marx’s mature writings, constitutes the basis for a critique of theories which were alleged to have been only superficially or eclectically Marxist.3 The second trend is the development of a new type of Marxist anthropology which, influenced to some extent by Althusser’s work, has tried to assess how far certain Marxist concepts (especially that of modes of production and their varied articulation in social formations) could help in their study of the so-called primitive societies — in particular, how these societies are incorporated into the world capitalist system.4 In fact, these two books constitute an interesting attempt to use some of these new insights in order (a) to build up a general theory on the development of agriculture under capitalism, and (b) to apply this theory to a specific social formation, namely that of Greece.

The development of anthropology and colonial policy in the Netherlands: 1800-1960.

Abstract: Although there have been studies of both Dutch colonial policy in the Indies and the development of anthropology in the Netherlands, there has been no systematic examination of the historical relations between them This paper attempts this for a period of 160 years from the collapse of the Dutch East India Company to the birth of an independent Indonesian state During this time, the need of successive governments for information on subject peoples was matched by the requirements of scholars for suitable conditions and locations for their work As Dutch anthropology emerged in the nineteenth century and developed in the twentieth, it was closely related to the prevailing political climate—state capitalism, liberal, and ethical policies The analysis shows how there is a “fit” between these and certain dominant anthropological styles and interests, principally in the form of empiricism, customary law studies, “Leiden” structuralism, and functionalism

Differentiation, polarisation and confrontation in rural Bangladesh

Abstract: This is a study on the processes of differentiation, polarization and confrontation in a specific peasant society. Two villages of Bangladesh formed the setting. The differentiation process is the outcome of the development of capitalism in the rural areas. But capitalism, in the Bangladesh context, has a double colonial background the British and the Pakistani colonial periods. Both in varying degrees hastened and regressed the development of capitalism, shaping development in the colonial context and influencing the process of capital accumulation in the rural areas. Again, capital accumulation is structured within a precise mode of production and the political and economic nature of the state specify the dimension and the structure of the modes colonial, petit mode of production geared for industrialization. In this fashion, class structure emerges in the village and as a social stratum, it reacts in a different way within the national capitalist development. Since capitalist development is uneven due to the colonial background, it produces two interlinked but contradictory effects. Firstly, it generates class differentiation within the peasantry and shapes the polarization process. Secondly, it determines the placement of both the peasant classes within the structure of society and of agriculture within the national economy. This placement is significant, because it effects the class struggle: confrontation. Thus the village is differentiated, and the various classes are structurally aligned both on the rural and on the national terrain. With the emergence of class come the various dimensions of social life: economic, political and ideological factors intersect, within the field of differentiation, class conjoins the actions of different structures. Class is an effect of the structures and class practices reveal the relations of opposition. Thus in a social formation, various alignments depend on the control of and access to the mode of production, While the rich peasants compete for control of the structure, their competition takes factional shape. 'hen others challenge the structure, the challenge becomes class struggle. Whereas the rural rich are structurally aligned with the national bureaucracy and the dominant political parties, the poor peasants are organized locally by the underground Left, They challenge the existing national power structure from a class position, from a local base. This local challenge characterizes the class struggle and pinpoints its fragmentary nature. This study, therefore, is about the differentiation process in a specific context and an examination of how the differentiation process expands the potential area of tension and dissatisfaction, thus shaping the forms and intensity of confrontation.