scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Carbon steel published in 1968"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a mean dynamic yield strength for steel and copper was derived from strain measurements on the "mushroomed" ends of flat-ended projectiles, after impact on a flat, nominally rigid anvil.

89 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It appears from the general similarity of bending and torsional stiffness and from thegeneral improvement in maximum torsion deflection that the stainless steel instruments would be more advantageous for clinical use.

49 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the dynamic compression of circular cylinders of different types of steel at elevated temperatures and at high strain-rates were investigated using an experimental drop hammer instrumented with an accelerometer and capacitive-type transducer.

44 citations



ReportDOI
01 Jan 1968

24 citations


Patent
Edwin A Miller1
02 Jan 1968
TL;DR: In this paper, a cable for the transmission of communication impulses or signals uses as a cable shielding material a highly conductive cable shield material which is of high strength and which is corrosion resistant.
Abstract: A cable for the transmission of communication impulses or signals uses as a cable shielding material a highly conductive cable shield material which is of high strength and which is corrosion resistant. The material consists of a four-layered composite bonded together and comprised of a thin conductive layer of copper as the outer layer to prevent rust formation next to a layer of high strength, corrosion-resistant nickel and chromium containing steel (stainless steel) next to a layer of low carbon steel which provides greater ductility and a cost saving next to an innermost layer of copper which provides corrosion protection and which is relatively thick to provide overall conductivity.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The metallurgical aspects of the stress corrosion cracking of Fe-0.025% C in 5N NH4NO3 at 75 C (167 F) have been investigated in this paper.
Abstract: The metallurgical aspects of the stress corrosion cracking of Fe-0.025% C in 5N NH4NO3 at 75 C (167 F) have been investigated. Sites of preferential corrosion in the alloy [annealed at 925 C (1697 F) and aged at 250 C (482 F)] were examined by transmission electron microscopy, and the susceptibility of the alloy to stress corrosion cracking after varying heat treatment was examined in constant strain rate tests. From the experimental data and calculated rate of transfer of impurities to and from grain boundaries, it was concluded that the tendency of grain boundaries to preferential corrosion is determined primarily by segregated substitutional constituents, and not by C or N.

14 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: The limits of accuracy imposed on the tool/work thermocouple technique by the need for an exact calibration curve for the materials used has been investigated in this paper, where various grades of tungsten carbides, calibrations were performed against a 0·20% carbon steel.
Abstract: The limits of accuracy imposed on the tool/work thermocouple technique by the need for an exact calibration curve for the materials used has been investigated. The materials used included various grades of tungsten carbides, calibrations being performed against a 0·20% carbon steel. Results are presented which illustrate how the emf generated is affected by changes in the sintering times, the cobalt content, and the size of the carbide members of the thermocouple. Calibration curves for a tungsten cobalt-carbide in various conditions are compared with those for a steel cutting grade containing titanium and tantalum carbides, and with a sample of 18/4/1 high-speed steel. Two calibration methods are recorded—the usual furnace arrangement, and a method for heating the carbide/steel interface using radio-frequency induction heating.

13 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1968
TL;DR: In this article, the corrosion of a Cu-Ni-Al alloy against plain carbon steel has been studied in air with 60 per cent relative humidity, nitrogen with 100 p.p.m. oxygen, and silicone oil.
Abstract: Fretting corrosion of a Cu-Ni-Al alloy against plain carbon steel has been studied in air with 60 per cent relative humidity, nitrogen with 100 p.p.m. oxygen, and silicone oil. As was to be expecte...

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a pulse-echo method using shouldered samples has been used for the first time to determine the ultrasonic attenuation at room and elevated temperatures, and the theory of the method has been worked out and the method is applied to carbon and stainless steels at 5 MHz in the temperature range 20°-800°C.
Abstract: A pulse‐echo method using shouldered samples has been used for the first time to determine the ultrasonic attenuation at room and elevated temperatures. The theory of the method has been worked out and the method is applied to carbon and stainless steels at 5 MHz in the temperature range 20°–800°C. It is observed that the attenuation due to grain scattering of ultrasonic waves according to Bhatia's theory together with Papadakis's refinements is not sufficient to explain the entire temperature dependence of attenuation. A maximum in the attenuation is observed in carbon steels at 200°C, which is the Curie temperature of the ferromagnetic cementite structure. In nonmagnetic stainless steel (18/8) the acoustic attenuation in the sample heated at 800°C for 1 h remains practically constant with respect to temperature.

11 citations


Patent
17 Dec 1968
TL;DR: In this paper, the process to improve magnetic properties of conventional low-carbon, rimmed steel has been described, including a first stage of raising the temperature of carbon steel above the A3 transformation temperature of approximately 850-910* C. for 1 to 2 hours for the purpose of obtaining large ferrite grains in which less than 0.01 weight percent of carbon was present dissolved in the matrix and the residual carbon is present at ferrite grain boundaries.
Abstract: The process to improve magnetic characteristics of conventional low-carbon, rimmed steel having the chemical composition, carbon: <0.25 weight percent, silicon: <0.5 weight percent, manganese: <1.65 weight percent, phosphorus: <0.05 weight percent, sulfur: <0.05 weight percent, copper: <0.5 weight percent, and other elements: <0.1 weight percent, comprising: A first stage of raising the temperature of carbon steel above the A3 transformation temperature of approximately 850-910* C. wherein the Alpha -phase gamma -phase transformation takes place in a controlled atmosphere with a dew point of approximately 5* to 50* C., or a water vapor pressure of 6.9-92.5 Torr. A second stage of lowering rapidly the temperature of the carbon steel below 723* C., but not lower than 600* C., maintaining the carbon steel at this temperature for 3 to 10 hours in a weakly oxidizing atmosphere. A third stage of lowering and maintaining said carbon steel at a temperature of 300 to 400* C. for 1 to 2 hours for the purpose of obtaining large ferrite grains in which less than 0.01 weight percent of carbon is present dissolved in the matrix and the residual carbon is present at ferrite grain boundaries, and not in the matrix. A low-carbon, rimmed steel having a ferrite matrix and chemical composition: less than each of the following: 0.25 weight percent carbon, 0.5 weight percent silicon, 1.65 weight percent manganese, 0.05 weight percent phosphorus, 0.05 weight percent sulfur, 0.5 weight percent copper, and 0.1 weight percent other elements, and wherein the ferrite matrix is in the form of grains sufficiently large in particle size to be less than 10 particles per mm.2, said grains having less than 0.01 weight percent of carbon dissolved in the ferrite matrix, and the residual carbon being present at ferrite grain boundaries and not in the ferrite matrix.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of polarization on stress-corrosion cracking of carbon steel in various media was studied and it was established that the character of the polarization curves depends on the structural state of the metal and on the nature of the corrosive medium.
Abstract: The effect of polarization on stress-corrosion cracking of carbon steel in various media was studied. It was established that the character of the polarization curves depends on the structural state of the metal and on the nature of the corrosive medium.


Patent
14 Oct 1968
TL;DR: A hollow conductor roll is used in electrical zinc plating, the outer surface of which is made of middle carbon steel and hard metal plating and the inner surface made of pure metal with low hardness and good electric conductivity as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A hollow conductor roll is used in electrical zinc plating, the outer surface of which is made of middle carbon steel and hard metal plating, and the inner surface of which is made of pure metal with low hardness and good electric conductivity. The hard outer metal plating renders the roll less susceptible to damage thereby reducing production cost and the hollow roll is relatively easy to cool by passing cooling liquid therethrough.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, annealed carbon steel was exposed to reagent grade H3PO4 (45, 70, 80 and 85 weight percent) at temperatures from 24 through 83 C (75-181 F).
Abstract: Energies of activation were obtained from corrosion data of annealed carbon steel exposed to reagent grade H3PO4 (45, 70, 80 and 85 weight percent) at temperatures from 24 through 83 C (75–181 F).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, anodic polarization curves were determined in three concentrations of sulfuric acid for samples of carbon steel that had been heat-treated to produce various micro-structures.
Abstract: Previous work on anodic polarization and anodic protection of carbon steel in sulfuric acid has neglected to consider the possible effect of differences in steel microstructure on polarization behavior. If such differences do affect anodic-polarization behavior of the steel, it would be important to recognize this fact when, for example, anodic protection is applied to a welded steel vessel containing heat-affected zones of varying microstructure. In the present work, anodic polarization curves were determined in three concentrations of sulfuric acid for samples of carbon steel that had been heat-treated to produce various microstructures. In general, results showed that microstructural differences, had only a minor effect on polarization behavior. Therefore, when anodic protection is applied to carbon steel in sulfuric acid, micro-structural differences resulting from heat treatment of steel should not be a critical factor. Test results also indicated that carbon content of the steel had little ...

Patent
21 Feb 1968
TL;DR: In this article, a compression mold assembly for producing a glass article having a zone of reduced thickness as compared with the rest of the article comprises a plunger 1 and complementary mould 2 having opposed molding surfaces adapted to compress there between a glass mass to the desired form, the moulding surfaces of each mould being formed of (i) carbon steel containing less than 0A3% by wt. carbon, or (ii) ferritic stainless steel or ferritic heat-resistant steel, except for the portion of the molding surface of at least one of the moulds, which
Abstract: 1,164,988. Making moulds. TOKY SHIBAURA ELECTRIC CO. Ltd. 20 Feb., 1968, No. 8282/68. Heading B3A. [Also in Division C1] A compression mould assembly for producing a glass article having a zone of reduced thickness as compared with the rest of the article comprises a plunger 1 and complementary mould 2 having opposed moulding surfaces adapted to compress therebetween a glass mass to the desired form, the moulding surfaces of each mould being formed of (i) carbon steel containing less than 0A3% by wt. carbon, (ii) ferritic stainless steel or ferritic heat-resistant steel containing less than 0A4% by wt. carbon, or (iii) austenitic stainless steel or austenitic heatresistant steel, except for the portion of the moulding surface of at least one of the moulds, which provides the zone of reduced thickness in the article, said portion being formed of a selffluxing nickel-chromium-boron base alloy having a Rockwell hardness of less than 45. The surface of the plunger 1 is formed by fusing the Ni-Cr-B alloy to the body of the plunger, which is of heat resisting steel, and parts are removed by cutting to form the bottom portion of the mould surface 16. A ring 10 is slidably mounted around the upper part of plunger 1 and has a boss-like portion 12 which seats on a recessed ledge 12 in the upper edge of mould 2. The moulds are preferably made of heat resisting steel containing 13% by wt. of chromium. That area of the plunger designed to form the area of reduced thickness may have a composition in per cent by wt., of Ni 90, Cr 5, B 1, Fe+Si+ C 4 and a Rockwell hardness of 20, or Ni 80, Cr 11, B 3, Fe + Si + C 6 and a Rockwell hardness of 40. The preferred range is Ni 75-90, Cr 4-18, B 0A75-4A5 and Fe+Si+C less than 10. The mould assembly is preferably used for cathode-ray tube cone portions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of air speed on the oxidation of iron and plain carbon steel is briefly reviewed and results are presented for the mild steel in air at 600-1000°C for air speeds of 0·05-0·9m/s.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the exact nature of the chemical reaction between cementite and lithium is established and a mechanism is proposed for propagation of the cracks, and the kinetics of liquid lithium penetration were found to depend strongly on the carbon content of the steel, the shape of cementite precipitates and the temperature and annealing time.
Abstract: Mechanisms involved in decarburization and the fissurization of different carbon steels by liquid lithium were studied. The kinetics of liquid lithium penetration were found to depend strongly on the carbon content of the steel, the shape of cementite precipitates and the temperature and annealing time. The exact nature of the chemical reaction between cementite and lithium is established and a mechanism is proposed for propagation of the cracks.

Patent
03 Jan 1968
TL;DR: An arc welding electrode comprises a low carbon steel sheath enclosing powdered ingredients including CaCO3, CaF2, TiO2, Mn, Si and Na2CO3 which may be in such forms as marble, fluorspar, rutile, ferro-alloys and soda ash.
Abstract: An arc welding electrode comprises a ferrous, e.g., a low carbon steel, sheath enclosing powdered ingredients including CaCO3, CaF2, TiO2, Mn, Si and Na2CO3 which may be in such forms as marble, fluorspar, rutile, ferro-alloys and soda ash. The powder composition is by weight of the electrode .2 - 4%.CaCO3 .2 - 6%.CaF2 .3 - 7%.TiO2 .1 - 2.5%.Mn .0.5 - 2%.Si and possibly Fe in amounts of e.g., 15 or 21%. Alloying ingredients Al, Ti, Cr, Mo, W, V, Ni, C, B and Ta may be added to the powder and/or the sheath. The electrode may comprise inner and outer steel sheaths, the inner enclosing the powdered metal, the outer enclosing the CaCO3, CaF2 and TiO2 and the Na2 CO3 being enclosed in either sheath.

Patent
23 Sep 1968
TL;DR: In this article, a steel can be produced by deoxidizing a carbon steel or an alloy steel with a calcium-silicon alloy and controlling the calcium content thereof, which can be used for machine structural carbon steels and alloy steels having excellent cold forging property.
Abstract: This invention relates to machine structural carbon steels and alloy steels having an excellent cold forging property. Such a steel can be produced by deoxidizing a carbon steel or an alloy steel with a calcium-silicon alloy and controlling the calcium content thereof.

Patent
26 Sep 1968
TL;DR: A corrosion resistant boiler tube for chemical recovery vapor generating units was proposed by as mentioned in this paper, in which a boiler tube of carbon steel or low alloy chromium-molybdenum [Cr-Mo] steel has welded on its exterior surface a coating of high chromium steel containing 13-26 percent chromium and 0.5 - 1.5 percent columbium.
Abstract: A corrosion resistant boiler tube for chemical recovery vapor generating units, in which a boiler tube of carbon steel or low alloy chromium-molybdenum [Cr-Mo] steel has weld deposited on its exterior surface a coating of high chromium steel containing 13-26 percent chromium and 0.5 - 1.5 percent columbium.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of oxygen, hydrogen, and ammonia on the corrosion behavior of plain carbon steel in high temperature water has been studied using electrochemical polarization techniques over the range < 0.1-100 ppm.
Abstract: The corrosion behavior of plain carbon steel in high temperature water has been studied using electrochemical polarization techniques. The influence of oxygen, hydrogen, and ammonia on the corrosion behavior has been studied over the range < 0.1–100 ppm. Potentiostatic anodic polarization data indicate that only oxygen has any effect on the anodic dissolution kinetics of carbon steel at 289 C (552 F). Controlled potential corrosion experiments at highly noble potentials in oxygenated water did not produce any form of localized corrosion. Cathodic Tafel polarization data indicate that the primary cathodic partial process during corrosion on ammonia and hydrogenated solutions is the reduction of hydrogen ions. Reduced steady-state corrosion rates observed in ammoniated solutions are due to the severe reduction in the limiting diffusion rate of hydrogen ions because of a simple pH effect. In oxygenated solutions, over the range 0.1–50 ppm O2, the major reduction process is the reduction of H+. At 50...


Patent
13 Feb 1968
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for the production of low carbon steel from steel melts having a carbon content of about 0.04 percent and an oxygen content of between 0.06 percent and 0.08 percent is described.
Abstract: A process for the production of low carbon steel from steel melts having a carbon content of about 0.04 percent and an oxygen content of between about 0.06 percent and 0.08 percent comprises vacuum degassing the melt in a vacuum chamber, preferably in portions, in the presence of granulated lime or limestone having a grain size of between 2 mm. and 1 cm., preferably between 2 mm. and 4 mm. and continuing the vacuum degassing treatment until a final carbon content in the melt of about 0.005 percent is reached.

Patent
08 Mar 1968
TL;DR: The METAL-DISINTERGRATING METHOD COMPRISES the application of the COMPOSITION to the STEEL, under a wide range of TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: THE METAL-DISINTEGRATING COMPOSITION CONSIST OF A MIXTURE IN WATER OF SULPHURIC ACID, NITRIC ACID, ACETIC ACID AND SODIUM CHLORIDE. THE PROPORTIONS OF INGREDIENTS ARE SUCH THAT THE COMPOSTION WILL DISINTEGRATE STEELS, SUCH AS HIGH SPEED STEEL AND CARBON STEEL, COMMONLY EMPLOYED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF MACHINE TOOLS. THE COMPOSITION WILL NOT CAUSE DETERIORATION OF MANY OF THE METALS WHICH ARE COMMONLY UTILIZED FOR PARTS WHICH ARE WORKED BY MACHINE TOOLS. THE METAL-DISINTERGRATING METHOD COMPRISES THE APPLICATION OF THE COMPOSITION TO THE STEEL, UNDER A WIDE RANGE OF TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of gaseous diffusion chromizing on the ability of carbon steel to carry static and cyclic loads was studied and the possibility of obtaining a substantial increase in corrosion-fatigue strength by producing sufficiently thick and dense diffused layers was demonstrated.
Abstract: The effect of gaseous diffusion chromizing on the ability of carbon steel to carry static and cyclic loads was studied. The possibility of obtaining a substantial increase in corrosion-fatigue strength by producing sufficiently thick and dense diffused layers was demonstrated.


Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1968-JOM
TL;DR: In this article, a continuous addition of prereduced iron ore to molten auto scrap in an electric furnace appears to have certain operational advantages over conventional cold-melt, batch-charging techniques.
Abstract: The production of carbon steel by the continuous addition of prereduced iron ore to molten auto scrap in an electric furnace appears to have certain operational advantages over conventional cold-melt, batch-charging techniques. Among these are: (1) Lower tramp metal content in the ingot, (2) shorter heat times and lower electrical energy consumption, (3) improved energy input rate during the continuous addition, and (4) flexibility of charge composition by varying ratios of scrap to prereduced iron.