Showing papers on "Carbon steel published in 1997"
TL;DR: In this article, the wear traces and the transfer film were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and it was inferred that the transferred film contributed largely to the decreased friction coefficient and wear rate of the filled PEEK composites.
192 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the tribological behavior of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) filled with nanometer SiC was investigated on a block-on-ring machine by running a plain carbon steel ring against the PEEK composite block.
149 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of carbon steel and high phosphorus weathering steel (Acr-Ten A) exposed to indifferent atmospheric environments was studied and compared after exposure for various periods (up to 6 years) in Taiwan, in an industrial atmosphere, the corrosion kinetics of steel was found to deviate from the behavior predicted by the well-known bilogarithmic law after 3 years' exposure.
123 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of benzyl triethanol ammonium chloride (BTAC) and EBTAC on the corrosion of carbon steel in sulphuric acid solution is measured by the weight loss method.
92 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a corrosion rate equation was derived on the basis of fundamental reaction rate theory and compared to empirically determined relationships reported in the literature, and the application limit for this equation extends to the point where corrosion becomes diffusion-controlled as a result of the formation of stable corrosion products on the steel surface.
Abstract: Corrosion of steel in carbon dioxide (CO2)-containing solutions is considered a chemical reaction-controlled process. A corrosion rate equation was derived on the basis of fundamental reaction rate theory and compared to empirically determined relationships reported in the literature. The predictive equation was developed as a function of pH, partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2), and temperature. The equation allows the inclusion of other variables, such as flow, impurities, inhibitors, and steel microstructure, through the reaction constant. The application limit for this equation extends to the point where corrosion becomes diffusion-controlled as a result of the formation of stable corrosion products on the steel surface.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a systematic investigation of the ability of the homologous straight chain mono-and α,ω-dicarboxylates to inhibit corrosion of mild steel, copper, and aluminum in aerated, mildly saline, and near neutral aqueous solutions was conducted.
Abstract: Electrochemical methods were used in a systematic investigation of the abilities of the homologous straight chain mono- and α,ω-dicarboxylates to inhibit corrosion of mild steel, copper, and aluminum in aerated, mildly saline, and near-neutral aqueous solutions. Performance of both compound types was shown to be critically dependent upon their chain length, the metal, and the number of carboxylate groups. For dicarboxylates, with the possible exception of mild steel, longer chain lengths were found advantageous. This was not true for monocarboxylates, which showed abrupt decreases in inhibitor ability outside the optimal range. The dramatic variations in inhibitor efficiencies probably resulted from competing reactions, such as adsorption and complexation at the metal (hydr/oxide) surface, solubility, and micelle formation.
77 citations
01 Oct 1997-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms
TL;DR: Based on metallographic data and microhardness depth distributions measured in preliminarily quenched and tempered U7A steel 1 (0.7% C) after irradiation with an electron beam of duration 10 −5 s, electron energy 170 −180 keV and energy density 40 −150 J/cm 2, the dimensions of the hardened and tempered zones have been determined.
Abstract: Based on metallographic data and microhardness depth distributions measured in preliminarily quenched and tempered U7A steel 1 (0.7% C) after irradiation with an electron beam of duration 10 −5 s, electron energy 170–180 keV and energy density 40–150 J/cm 2 , the dimensions of the hardened and tempered zones have been determined. The experimental results are compared with those obtained by solving numerically the heat equation taking into account the processes of melting, evaporation, and crystallization. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical data is observed.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, surface treatments have been carried out on a carbon steel in solutions containing different phosphonates, including laurylphosphonic acid (LPA), ethyllaury lphosphonate (ELP), monoethylester (MPA), and diethyllaurylposphonates (DELP).
68 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the erosion wear and mechanical properties after exposure to simulated industrial service conditions in boilers of nickel-based, iron-based and chromium-nickel plasma-sprayed coatings on carbon steel and stainless steel have been obtained.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an investigation of the quenching of 1080 carbon steel cylinders has been carried out to determine the validity of a quenched process model for carbon steels.
Abstract: An investigation of the quenching of 1080 carbon steel cylinders has been carried out to determine the validity of a quenching process model for carbon steels. The process model included a description of the austenite-pearlite and austenite-martensite transformations in carbon steels, temperature-dependent material properties, and an elastic-plastic stress analysis. The model was simulated using the finite element method (FEM). An experimental study of the quenching of 1080 steel cylinders in water and two types of polymeric quenchants has also been carried out. The temperatures at three points within the cylinder during quenching were measured using thermocouples. The hardness and residual stress distributions along a cross-section of the quenched cylinders were determined using a Rockwell hardness test and an X-ray diffraction technique, respectively. The temperature-time histories, residual stress, and hardness distributions predicted from the FEM simulation of the quenching model were found to be in good agreement with the corresponding measurements. The quenching process simulation described in the study appears to be a promising tool for the design of heat-treatment process parameters for carbon steels.
63 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, current and potential fluctuations between two nominally identical carbon steel electrodes were recorded in a solution of sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) at difference times.
Abstract: Current and potential fluctuations (electrochemical noise [EN]) between two nominally identical carbon steel electrodes were recorded in a solution of sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) at differen...
TL;DR: In this paper, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data of DMEA adsorbed on steel surfaces from alkaline and chlorine containing solutions of variable concentration range were presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the potential and current density distributions on the galvanic elements are described by the Laplace equation, and for numerical calculation the boundary element method has been used to define the nonlinear boundary conditions.
30 Aug 1997-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of a high purity nitrogen atmosphere on the thickness, morphology and impact strength of the layers obtained in a 1018 low carbon steel, 9840 structural steel, W2 tool steel and 304 stainless steel using a paste as an alternative to powder.
Abstract: Bonding is a thermomechanical process employed to obtain borided layers in metal alloy, especially steels, which are extremely hard and wear resistant. Formation kinetics of such layers has been extensively studied by carrying out the process in hermetic metallic vessels which contain the bonding agent, commonly a powder and the process packed together (D.M. Tsipas, J. Rus, H. Noguerra, The Institute of Metals, London, 5 (1988) 203–210; R. Chatterjee-Fischer, O. Schaaber, Metal Prog., (1986) 24–25, 27; R.D.T. Whitttle, V.D. Scott, Metals Technol., 11 (1984) 525–529). In this paper we analyze experimentally the influence of a high purity nitrogen atmosphere on the thickness, morphology and impact strength of the layers obtained in a 1018 low carbon steel, 9840 structural steel, W2 tool steel and 304 stainless steel using a paste as an alternative to powder. Using a total least square method to find the best regression analysis (which considers uncertainty in all variables) (C.M. Brakman, A.W. Gommers, E.J. Mittemeijer, The Institute of Metals, London, 5 (1988) 211–218), parabolic growing constants for FeB and Fe 2 B are determined, as well as wear and impact strength of the layers.
TL;DR: In this paper, a tensile test was performed on heavily cold drawn and annealed pearlitic steel wires, on which wire drawing induced a partial dissolution of the cementite phase.
TL;DR: In this paper, the behavior of steel in chloride-free and chloride-contaminated simulated concrete solutions was studied to observe the degradation of steel as a result of addition of chlorides.
Abstract: The behavior of steel in chloride-free and chloride-contaminated simulated concrete solutions was studied to observe the degradation of steel as a result of addition of chlorides. One of t...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used voltammetry, galvanostatic polarisation and permeation experiments to determine the origin of hydrogen absorbed in a steel substrate during zinc plating.
TL;DR: In this article, the surface layers of ASTM S31254 stainless steel were deposited on a plain carbon steel substrate by laser cladding, using the blown powder technique, and it was found that a careful selection of laser treatment parameters results in clad layers with a homogeneous chemical composition and free of defects.
Abstract: Surface layers of ASTM S31254 stainless steel were deposited on a plain carbon steel substrate by laser cladding, using the blown powder technique. It was found that a careful selection of laser treatment parameters results in clad layers with a homogeneous chemical composition and free of defects. No significant loss of alloying elements (Cr, Ni, Mo and N) was observed. The structure was austenitic, composed of very fine cellular dendrites. The anodic polarization behaviour was similar to the commercial bulk alloy, even in very aggressive solutions. The corrosion pits that appeared in the clad layers during long duration exposure tests were smaller than in the commercial alloy.
TL;DR: Yuan et al. as discussed by the authors showed that the photo reaction involved is not the decomposition of Ti02 but the oxidation of 1120 by photoexcited hole, and the Ti02 coating acts as a nonsacrificial anode and protects cathodically substrate metal even with presence of coating defects.
Abstract: 1, Introduction Aside from conventional insulator coatings and metallic coatings, the recent developments of semiconductor coatings have attracted growing interests as they offer a new corrosion protection mechanism. As a new attempt, the semiconductor coating can absorb solar energy and transform it to electricity with the photoelectrochemical characteristics to protect the substrate metal functionally. Recent studiesl'~4' have demonstrated, as an example, the corrosion protection of metal by Ti02 coating under illumination. The basic concept is that under illumination, the photopotential of Ti02 becomes less noble towards its flat band potential; the photo reaction involved is not the decomposition of Ti02 but the oxidation of 1120 by photo-excited hole. Accordingly, the Ti02 coating acts as a non-sacrificial anode and protects cathodically substrate metal even with presence of coating defects. The photoeffect of Ti02/metal system is in evidence of crucial importance for this approach. As shown in the previous works of Yuan and Tsujikawa3' 4~ the performance of photoeffects varied with the types of metal substrate and coating technique ; moreover, proper preand/or after-treatments are necessary to ensure a good photoelectrochemical response. When sol-gel derived Ti02 is coated directly on substrates of carbon steel, no photoeffect was observed ; however, with proper pre-oxidation of the metal substrate in air, photoeffect was observed4' . Thus, the photoeffect of Ti02/steel is influenced significantly by the iron oxides formed on steel surface during the pre-oxidation. As well known, there are many different types of iron oxides all with different compositions, structures and properties. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the * Presented partially at JSCE , CORROSION '96
TL;DR: In this article, the ductility of 0.2% plain carbon steels with copper and/or tin was investigated at elevated temperatures ranging from ferrite region to lower austenite region and at various strain rates.
Abstract: The hot ductility of ultra-low carbon steels and 0.2% plain carbon steels containing copper and/or tin has been investigated at elevated temperatures ranging from ferrite region to lower austenite region and at various strain rates. Ultra-low carbon steels generally exhibit good ductility regardless of copper and tin additions except for the lower austenite temperature range, where the addition of tin decreases the ductility slightly. The plain carbon steel containing 1.0% copper also exhibits good ductility, except for a ductility trough around 1 050 K and at 10 -2 s -1 . Recrystallization results in the improvement of ductility above 1 180 K and at 10 -2 s -1 . The plain carbon steel containing 0.2% tin shows good ductility at 200s -1 , but exhibits a ductility trough in the lower austenite temperature range below 1 s -1 . At the strain rate of 10 -2 s -1 , the embrittlement takes place most severely at 1 080 K, which corresponds to the transition temperature from austenite to ferrite. The embrittlement with intergranular fracture occurs in the specimen with low reduction in area. Initial cracking is observed at grain boundaries without proeutectoid ferrite. The addition of tin can prevent grain boundary migration or dynamic recrystallization by its grain boundary segregation, which leads to decrease in ductility.
TL;DR: In this article, the corrosion behavior of a Q235 steel with plasma sprayed Al 2 O 3 coatings in a boiling 5% HCl solution is investigated and the experimental results demonstrate that at the early corrosion stage the corrosion mechanism is channel corrosion with a large length to diameter ratio for the channels; and the corrosion rate is controlled by the diffusion of corrosion products in the channels, while at the late corrosion stage electrochemical corrosion occurs between the Ni-base alloy bond and the substrate.
Abstract: Al 2 O 3 ceramic coatings plasma sprayed on the surface of metals change greatly the corrosion law of metals in strong acid solutions and enhance effectively their corrosion resistance property. In this paper, the corrosion behaviour of a Q235 steel with plasma sprayed Al 2 O 3 coatings in a boiling 5% HCl solution is investigated. The corrosion rate of the Al 2 O 3 coating sprayed on the surface of Q235 steel is only 1/30 that of the 18-8 austenitic stainless steel under the same corrosion condition. However, the substrate and the Al 2 O 3 ceramic coating itself are also subjected to some corrosion because of pores and nonequilibrium γ-Al 2 O 3 existing in the ceramic coating. The experimental results demonstrate that at the early corrosion stage the corrosion mechanism is channel corrosion with a large length to diameter ratio for the channels; and the corrosion rate is controlled by the diffusion of corrosion products in the channels; while at the late corrosion stage electrochemical corrosion occurs between the Ni-base alloy bond and the substrate. It was shown that channel corrosion can be restrained and the substrate can be significantly protected by choosing a suitable alloying base layer, increasing appropriately the thickness of the coating, and adopting a porous sealing treatment.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of experiments have been conducted on metals subjected to planar impact loading in which a biaxial stress state and a uniaXial strain state is induced.
Abstract: A series of experiments have been conducted on metals subjected to planar impact loading in which a biaxial stress state and a uniaxial strain state is induced. Longitudinal and transverse stresses have been measured in copper, iron, and mild steel, using manganin stress gauges. The results have been used to calculate shear stress from the difference between the stress components. Results indicate that copper displays an increase in shear stress with pressure, showing similar trends to other work. An increase in dislocation density has been suggested as a possible mechanism. Iron shows a constant shear stress with increasing pressure, again in accordance with other workers. Finally, mild steel has been observed to have a significant increase in shear stress with increasing pressure. The inclusion of a hard second phase in the microstructure is thought to produce a large amount of dislocation debris, again explaining the observed hardening.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of the butyl group as substituent in n-butylamine used as a mild steel corrosion inhibitor in hydrochloric acid solution was investigated.
Abstract: This paper describes a study of the influence of the butyl group as substituent in n-butylamine used as a mild steel corrosion inhibitor in hydrochloric acid solution. An inhibition mechanism is proposed. n-Butylamine, dibutylamine and tributylamine were studied in concentrations from 10−4 to 1 m and in the temperature range 278–308K using electrochemical, gravimetric and surface roughness techniques. The three inhibitors adsorbed on the mild steel according to a Frumkin isotherm.
TL;DR: In this article, the coating uniformity and homogeneity analysis were performed by optical and scanning electron microscopy while energy dispersive X-ray microanalyses were carried out to check the coating composition and the corrosion behaviours of smooth and threaded coated samples were analysed from 5% salt spray exposures and electrochemically characterized with voltamperometric measurements.
Abstract: Aluminium-based coatings are potential candidates for a sacrificial protection of steel. Such coatings, elaborated by magnetron sputtering, offer a good corrosion protection but often present poor tribological properties [1,2]. Cathodic arc evaporation PVD process has outstanding potential to deposit corrosion-resistant coatings with relatively dense structure. Moreover, adherent coatings and large scale production can be obtained. Aluminium, titanium and multilayer titanium/aluminium coatings have been deposited on steel substrates. The coating uniformity and homogeneity analysis were performed by optical and scanning electron microscopy while energy dispersive X-ray microanalyses were carried out to check the coating composition. The corrosion behaviours of smooth and threaded coated samples were analysed from 5% salt spray exposures and electrochemically characterized with voltamperometric measurements. Titanium/aluminium multilayers on low carbon steel lead to better corrosion resistance than monolayer coatings. Vacuum coating tests, carried out on small parts by means of a barrel coater, led us to consider the process to be a possible alternative to the actual anti-corrosion treatments of steel substrates, especially as a substitute for cadmium coatings.
TL;DR: In this article, the wear behavior of hyper-eutectoid steel was examined at ambient temperature ranging from room temperature to a high temperature of 400 °C, where a pin specimen was pressed against a disk of carbon steel for machine structure use and two types of pin specimen were prepared: an as-received specimen and a quenched specimen.
TL;DR: In this paper, an arc-PVD-coated TiN and CrN coatings were deposited on 1040 carbon steel substrates by arc-pVD and were then subjected to heating at 600 and 650°C in vacuum for 1 h.
Abstract: TiN and CrN coatings were deposited on 1040 carbon steel substrates by arc-PVD. Coated materials were then subjected to heating at 600 and 650°C in vacuum for 1 h. As-coated and heat-treated samples were characterized with respect to their hardness and thickness. Electrochemical polarization experiments were conducted on the samples in 1 N sulfuric acid. Porosity of the samples was determined by means of a copper decoration test. EDS line-scan analyses were performed on the fracture surfaces of the coatings. It was found that heating decreased the hardness, increased the number of pores extending through the coating and improved the corrosion-protective properties of the coated materials. CrN-coated samples exhibited better corrosion-protective properties than TiN-coated steels.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the microstructure of polypyrrole coatings formed on steel was dependent on the current density to the extent that smoother and more uniform coatings are formed at low current density.
Abstract: Thin polypyrrole coatings (∼ 10 μm thick) were formed on low carbon steel by an aqueous constant current electrochemical polymerization using oxalic acid as the electrolyte. The amount of polypyrrole coatings formed on steel increased with the applied current and monomer concentration. No significant change in the electropolymerization of pyrrole occurred as a result of increased electrolyte concentration. The induction time for electropolymerization decreased significantly with current density but was unaffected by the initial monomer and electrolyte concentration. The electropolymerization potential of pyrrole increased with increased current density (Cd), i.e., Ep = 0.62 + 0.41 [Cd], and decreased exponentially with increased monomer and electrolyte concentration, Ep = E0 exp-[M]. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the microstructure of the polypyrrole coatings formed on steel was dependent on the current density to the extent that smoother and more uniform coatings are formed at low current density. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polm Sci 65:417–424, 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, a range of reinforced concrete specimens were analysed to give estimates of the polarisation resistance and interfacial capacitance of these materials and the results were compared with the values obtained using more conventional DC methods of analysis and while it was consistently lower, it was within the error normally attributed to the polarization resistance method of corrosion rate determination.
TL;DR: In this paper, the corrosion resistance behavior of steel coated with TiN thin films deposited by physical vapour deposition (PVD) has been studied by electrochemical techniques in de-aerated 1 M sodium acetate solution at pH 5.6.
Abstract: The corrosion resistance behaviour of steel coated with TiN thin films deposited by physical vapour deposition (PVD) has been studied by electrochemical techniques in de-aerated 1 M sodium acetate solution at pH 5.6. Two different types of coatings deposited on carbon steel samples have been studied: (1) multilayered coatings of Ti/TiN in which the interfaces are compositionally abrupt, and (2) multilayered coatings of Ti/TiN in which there is a mixture between the two materials at the interfaces leading to gradual composition interfaces. The electrochemical results obtained have been correlated to structural defects studied by scanning electron microscopy. It has been observed that the corrosion resistance of coated steel was higher than the substrate resistance. The graded composition interface coatings showed a more protective character than the sharp interface. The corrosion resistance is mainly controlled by the occurrence of coatings defects and their presence can be easily detected by electrochemical measurements.
TL;DR: Friction surfacing was carried out with stainless steel 304 and mild steel 1020 consumables on to an aluminium 5083 substrate in an argon atmosphere as discussed by the authors, and the mild steel coating had evidence of transfer of aluminium on to the coating and the matrix had a shear crack along the matrix/coating interface.
Abstract: Friction surfacing was carried out with stainless steel 304 and mild steel 1020 consumables on to an aluminium 5083 substrate in an argon atmosphere. Mild steel bonded well with the substrate and there was evidence of interfacial compound formation whereas in the case of stainless steel consumable there was no evidence of mixing and the coating was found to have a rolled structure on the surface. No clear evidence of mechanical interlock was obtained for stainless steel on aluminium. In both cases a nominal contact pressure as high as 21.8 MPa was required to obtain a good coating. For the mild steel coating there was evidence of transfer of aluminium on to the coating and the matrix had a shear crack along the matrix/coating interface.