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Showing papers on "Carbon steel published in 2003"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed previous studies on iron and steel oxidation in oxygen or air at high temperatures and found that the scale structures are similar to those formed on iron, but for longer-time oxidation, because of the less adherent nature, the scale structure developed are typically much more complex.
Abstract: This paper reviews previous studies on iron and steel oxidation in oxygen or air at high temperatures. Oxidation of iron at temperatures above 700°C follows the parabolic law with the development of a three-layered hematite/magnetite/wustite scale structure. However, at temperatures below 700°C, inconsistent results have been reported, and the scale structures are less regular, significantly affected by sample-preparation methods. Oxidation of carbon steel is generally slower than iron oxidation. For very short-time oxidation, the scale structures are similar to those formed on iron, but for longer-time oxidation, because of the less adherent nature, the scale structures developed are typically much more complex. Continuous-cooling conditions, after very short-time oxidation, favor the retention of an adherent scale, suggesting that the method proposed by Kofstad for deriving the rate constant using continuous cooling or heating-oxidation data is more appropriate for steel oxidation. Oxygen availability has certain effects on iron and steel oxidation. Under continuous cooling conditions, the final scale structure is found to be a function of the starting temperature for cooling and the cooling rate. Different scale structures develop across the width of a hot-rolled strip because of the varied oxygen availability and cooling rates at different locations.

488 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear polarization resistance (LRP) to study CO2 corrosion of carbon steel with two different microstructures: annealed, and quenched and tempered (Q&T), with and without inhibitors.

367 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a nanocrystalline (nc) surface layer of about 10 μm thick was fabricated on a low carbon steel plate by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment, and the grain size is about 15 nm in the top surface layer, and it increases with an increase of depth from the treated surface.
Abstract: A nanocrystalline (nc) surface layer of about 10 μm thick was fabricated on a low carbon steel plate by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment. The grain size is about 15 nm in the top surface layer, and it increases with an increase of depth from the treated surface. Nanoindentation measurements indicated that hardness is enhanced in the nc surface layer relative to the matrix. Experiments show that the friction coefficient decreases and the wear resistance increases with the nc surface layer. The improvement in friction and wear properties may be attributed to the harder nc surface layer which reduces the degree of plowing and micro-cutting under the lower load and the degree of plastic removal and surface fatigue fracture under the higher load, respectively.

277 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, multilayered polyaniline (Pani) and polypyrrole (Ppy) copolymers were galvanostatically deposited on both carbon steel and stainless steel.

276 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, in-depth distribution of rusts on two weathering steels and a plain carbon steel exposed to atmosphere for 17 years under a bridge at a coastal + industrial region in Japan were studied.

256 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a time-variant probabilistic model was presented to predict expected costs of repair and replacement which was then used to calculate life-cycle costs for reinforced concrete (RC) structures in marine environments under different exposure conditions.

244 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the addition of benzimidazol as a corrosion inhibitor has also been analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

224 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Lee et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a model of iron carbonate (FeCO3) film growth, which is an extension of the recent mechanistic model of car-bon dioxide (CO2) corrosion by Nesic, et al., and the model has been successfully calibrated against limited experimental data.
Abstract: ‡, * and K.-L.J. Lee** ABSTRACT A model of iron carbonate (FeCO3) film growth is proposed, which is an extension of the recent mechanistic model of car- bon dioxide (CO2) corrosion by Nesic, et al. In the present model, the film growth occurs by precipitation of iron carbon- ate once saturation is exceeded. The kinetics of precipitation is dependent on temperature and local species concentra- tions that are calculated by solving the coupled species transport equations. Precipitation tends to build up a layer of FeCO3 on the surface of the steel and reduce the corrosion rate. On the other hand, the corrosion process induces voids under the precipitated film, thus increasing the porosity and leading to a higher corrosion rate. Depending on the environ- mental parameters such as temperature, pH, CO2 partial pressure, velocity, etc., the balance of the two processes can lead to a variety of outcomes. Very protective films and low corrosion rates are predicted at high pH, temperature, CO2 partial pressure, and Fe 2+ ion concentration due to formation of dense protective films as expected. The model has been successfully calibrated against limited experimental data. Parametric testing of the model has been done to gain insight into the effect of various environmental parameters on iron carbonate film formation. The trends shown in the predic- tions agreed well with the general understanding of the CO2 corrosion process in the presence of iron carbonate films. The present model confirms that the concept of scaling tendency is a good tool for predicting the likelihood of protective iron carbonate film formation.

194 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the corrosion products of carbon steel and weathering steel exposed to three different types of atmospheres, at times ranging from one to three months, have been identified.
Abstract: The corrosion products of carbon steel and weathering steel exposed to three different types of atmospheres, at times ranging from one to three months, have been identified. The steels were exposed in an industrial site, an urban site (Sao Paulo City, Brazil), and a humid site. The effect of the steel type on the corrosion products formed in the early stages of atmospheric corrosion has been evaluated. The corrosion products formed at the various exposure locations were characterized by Raman microscopy, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and their morphology was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Three regions of different colours (yellow, black and red) have been identified over the steel coupons by Raman microscopy. Analysis carried out on each of these areas led to the characterization of the correspondent oxide/hydroxide phases. The main phases present were lepidocrocite (g-FeOOH) and goethite (a-FeOOH). Small amounts of magnetite (Fe3O4) were also eventually encountered.

191 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion model was used to conduct numerical experiments, which allowed total insight into the underlying physicochemical processes, and the focus was on fa...
Abstract: A theoretical carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion model was used to conduct numerical experiments, which allowed total insight into the underlying physicochemical processes. The focus was on fa...

174 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal stability of some fatty acids as phase change materials (PCMs) was investigated and the results showed that they have good thermal stability as a function of latent heat and phase transition temperature range for an actual middle-term thermal energy storage utility.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study the chemical composition of the composite coatings and also the amount of dopants (oxalate ions) incorporated into the polymeric coatings.

Journal ArticleDOI
Qiang Zhang1, Ji Wu1, J.J Wang, W.L Zheng, J.G Chen, A.B Li 
TL;DR: In this article, the corrosion behavior of weathering steel and carbon steel exposed in marine atmosphere for 4 years were studied by means of regression analysis, rust structure observation, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrum and electrochemical impedance spectra techniques.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between hardness, tensile shear strength and toughness and microstructure of cladded materials were evaluated, and the impact toughness of the cladded material at a given test temperature is found significantly higher than that of the base material alone because of the high impact-toughness of the duplex stainless steel layer.
Abstract: Duplex stainless steel (2205 grade) and vessel steel (DIN-P355GH grade) were cladded by explosive welding. The relationship between hardness, tensile shear strength and toughness and microstructure of cladded materials were evaluated. The bond interface of the cladded materials shows a wavy morphology. The hardness was similar in the base and flyer plate near the bond interface while a general increase was observed in both base and flyer plate about 25 μm away from interface. Tensile shear strength test results showed that duplex stainless steel–vessel steel cladded materials exhibit an acceptable joint strength. The impact toughness of the cladded materials at a given test temperature is found significantly higher than that of the base material alone because of the high impact toughness of the duplex stainless steel layer. Consequently, mechanical and corrosion properties of the low carbon steels can be increased by explosive cladding with duplex stainless steel.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of N -propyl amino lauryl amide (I) and three of its ethoxylated derivatives ( II, III and IV ) as corrosion inhibitors of carbon steel in 1-M hydrochloric acid solution has been studied by weight loss and galvanostatic polarization techniques.

Journal ArticleDOI
Moucheng Li1, C.L. Zeng, Suzhen Luo, Jianian Shen1, H.C. Lin, C.N. Cao 
TL;DR: In this article, the corrosion behavior of type 316 stainless steel in simulated anode environment for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) was investigated by using electrochemical measurement techniques.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of variation of sintering parameters: layer thickness and hatching distance (side step) on the density, hardness and porosity of the sintered products are investigated.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2003-Wear
TL;DR: In this paper, the wear behavior of in situ Cu-TiB 2 nanocomposites fabricated by reaction of pure titanium and copper-boron melts was investigated on a pin-on-disk wear tester under dry sliding conditions, rubbing against a medium carbon steel disk at sliding speeds range from 0.089 to 0.445m/s −1 and at loads between 20 and 140n.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the structural and phase transitions in a high-carbon pearlitic steel of the formula Fe-1.37mass% C (U13) during cold deformation (300 K) by compression shear in Bridgman anvils were examined.
Abstract: The methods of Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopy, magnetostructural analysis and durometry were used to examine structural and phase transitions in a high-carbon pearlitic steel of the formula Fe–1.37mass% C (U13) during cold deformation (300 K) by compression shear in Bridgman anvils. The dissolution kinetics of a cementite having different morphologies was established. A supersaturated solid solution of carbon in BCC iron, an austenite with a high carbon concentration, and metastable e - and χ -carbides were formed during dissolution of the pearlite. Strengthening of the U13 steel depended on the formation of solid solutions of carbon in iron and precipitation of dispersed metastable carbides facilitating pinning of dislocations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of interlamellar spacing on the high-stress abrasive wear behavior of high carbon steel was investigated, and the impact of the interlameslar spacing and abrasion test parameters on the wear response of the samples has been discussed in terms of wear-induced subsurface work hardening/deformation of the specimens, deteriorating cutting efficiency of the abrasive particles, stability of the deformed (transfer) layer in the near vicinity of the wear surface during borrasion and hardening of ferrite in the cementite
Abstract: This investigation deals with the observations made towards understanding the role of interlamellar spacing on the high-stress abrasive wear behaviour of a high carbon steel. The samples revealed near-eutectoid (pearlitic) structure. The interlamellar spacing was varied by altering the austenitization temperature. Abrasion tests were conducted over a range of applied load, sliding speed, travel distance and abrasive size. Mechanical properties such as hardness, impact toughness and tensile strength, yield strength and elongation at fracture of the samples were also evaluated. The nature of dependence of abrasive wear rate and the measured mechanical properties on material related factors like interlamellar spacing of the samples has been analyzed. The study indicates that the wear rate does not follow a Hall-Petch relationship with the interlamellar spacing of the samples unlike hardness and yield strength. An analysis of the influence of abrasion test parameters suggested the wear rate to increase sharply with load initially. This was followed by a lower rate of increase or even a reduction in wear rate at higher loads depending on the interlamellar spacing of the samples. Increasing abrasive size caused the wear rate to practically remain unaffected initially. This was followed by a sharp increase in wear rate beyond a critical abrasive size. Increasing speed led to higher wear rates upto a critical sliding speed beyond which the wear rate decreased with a further increase in speed. The varying nature of influence of interlamellar spacing on mechanical properties and interlamellar spacing and abrasion test parameters on the wear response of the samples has been discussed in terms of wear-induced subsurface work hardening/deformation of the specimens, deteriorating cutting efficiency of the abrasive particles, stability of the deformed (transfer) layer in the near vicinity of the wear surface during abrasion and hardening of ferrite in the (eutectoid) cementite–ferrite (pearlite) mixture in the steel prior to testing.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, carbon steel, copper, zinc and aluminium test pieces were exposed to a large variety of environmental conditions in a reduced geographic area close to the coastline in order to ascertain the degree of deterioration of the same due to environmental corrosion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of load ratio on the fatigue crack growth rates of ultra-fine grained microstructure was investigated, and the results indicated that the contribution of the crack closure vanished.
Abstract: Ultrafine grained low carbon (0.15 wt.% C) steel produced by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was tested for investigating fatigue properties, including cyclic softening and crack growth rate. Emphasis was placed on investigating the effect of load ratio on the fatigue crack growth rates of ultrafine grained microstructure. The ECAPed steel exhibited cyclic softening. After the first cycle, the tension and compression peak stresses decreased gradually with the number of cycles. Fatigue crack growth resistance and the threshold of ECAPed ultrafine grained steel were lower than that of an as-received coarse grained steel. This was attributed to a less tortuous crack path. The ECAPed steel exhibited slightly higher crack growth rates and a lower ΔKth with an increase in R ratio. The R ratio effect on growth rates and ΔKth was basically indistinguishable at a lower load ratio (R>0.3) compared with other alloys, indicating that the contribution of the crack closure vanished. This was explained by the fact that finer grained materials produce a lower opening load Pop due to a relatively less serrated crack path. Consequently, Kmin can reach Kop readily with a smaller increment of load ratio. The crack growth rate curve for the ECAPed ultrafine grained steel exhibited a linear extension to the lower growth rate regime than that for the coarse grained as-received steel. This behavior can be explained by a reverse crack tip plastic zone size (rp) that is always larger than the grain size.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the structure and fatigue properties of Ck45 steel were evaluated and compared with a standard nitriding steel, and it was found that thermochemical processing significantly increased the microhardness and fatigue limit.
Abstract: In this research the structure and fatigue properties of plasma and gas nitrided Ck45 steel were evaluated and compared with a standard nitriding steel. Plasma treatments were carried out using a semi-industrial size furnace in appropriate nitrogen–hydrogen mixtures and a rotating–bending fatigue machine was employed to obtain the fatigue limits. The microhardness profiles were obtained and used to demonstrate the case depth. The structures of surface layers and diffusion zone were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. It was found that thermochemical processing significantly increased the microhardness and fatigue limit of Ck45 steel; increasing the fatigue limit to more than 50% was noticed after 70-h gas nitriding, similar improvements were achieved using plasma treatment in a 5-h cycle. XRD results indicated that the compound layer formed in plasma nitriding was mono-phased and thinner than the two-phase layer formed by the gaseous method which also contained iron oxide.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Explosive cladding is a solid state fusion welding process in which the joining of two metals is accomplished by the application of the pressure released by the detonation of an explosive pack as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a twin wire arc spray gun (TAFA 9000) was used to spray carbon steel coatings with either compressed air or nitrogen as spraying gas, and Young's modulus was estimated by the single beam method using finite element modeling.
Abstract: An experimental design matrix was set up in which carbon steel coatings were deposited with a twin wire arc spray gun (TAFA 9000™), using either compressed air or nitrogen as spraying gas. The coating's mechanical properties were studied. Some correlations were made between these properties, spraying conditions and the microstructure of the deposits. Young's modulus was estimated by the single beam method using finite element modeling. Results show that direct relationships do exist between spray conditions, oxide content in the coating and microhardness. Young's modulus of the coatings depends on the lamella thickness and the oxide content. When increasing the compressed air flow rate, Young's modulus increases at first because smaller particles and finer lamellae were made and it decreases later because of a higher oxide content. The increase of nitrogen flow rate lowers the oxide content and increases Young's modulus.

Book
07 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the physical and mechanical properties of Stainless Steels and their properties as well as their properties in terms of resistance to corrosion and degradation.
Abstract: 1. Physical and Mechanical Properties 2. Corrosion of Metallic Materials 3. Carbon Steel 4. Low-Alloy Carbon Steels 5. Cast Iron and Cast Steel 6. Introduction to Stainless Steels 7. Corrosion of Stainless Steels 8. Austenitic Stainless Steels 9. Superaustenitic Stainless Steels 10. Ferritic Stainless Steels 11. Superferritic Stainless Steels 12. Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels 13. Martensitic Stainless Steels 14. Duplex Stainless Steels 15. Nickel and High Nickel Alloys 16. Comparative Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel and High Nickel Alloys 17. Cast Stainless Steel and Nickel Base Alloys 18. Copper and Copper Alloys 19. Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 20. Zinc and Zinc Alloys 21. Titanium 22. Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys 23. Tantalum and Tantalum Alloys 24. Niobium (Columbium) and Niobium Alloys 25. Magnesium Alloys 26. Lead and Lead Alloys

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the texture development during the recrystallization of an ultra low carbon steel is shown to be largely dependent on the rolling reduction, and it is shown that in each case a different rolling reduction mechanism is responsible for the principal features of the annealing texture.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the results of laser surface modification of the borided layers produced on the 41Cr4 medium carbon steel (0.43% C, 1.02% Cr) were presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) showed high inhibition efficiency for the corrosion of low carbon steel in 1 M H2SO4.
Abstract: The cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) showed high inhibition efficiency for the corrosion of low carbon steel in 1 M H2SO4. Electrochemical measurements were dedicated to test the performance of CPC at different concentrations and temperatures. CPC has a significant inhibiting effect on the corrosion of steel and protection efficiencies up to 97% were measured. The inhibitor shifted the corrosion potential in the cathodic direction. It was found that adsorption is consistent with the Bockris–Swinkels isotherm in the studied temperature range (30–60 °C). The negative values of the free energy of adsorption and the decrease in apparent activation energy in the presence of the inhibitor suggest chemisorption of the CPC molecule on the steel surface.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a multiphase microstructure was developed in a V-bearing medium carbon microalloyed steel using a two-step cooling and annealing (TSCA) treatment following finish forging.
Abstract: In an attempt to improve fatigue and fracture resistance, a multiphase (ferrite–bainite–martensite) microstructure was developed in a V-bearing medium carbon microalloyed steel using a two-step cooling and annealing (TSCA) treatment following finish forging. The monotonic, cyclic stress–strain and low cycle fatigue behavior of this steel are reported. These results are compared with those of ferrite–pearlite and tempered martensite microstructures obtained by air cooling (AC) and quenching and tempering (Q&T), respectively. The tensile properties of the multiphase microstructure are superior to those of the ferrite–pearlite and the Q&T microstructures. Under cyclic loading, the ferrite–pearlite microstructure showed hardening at higher total strain amplitudes (≥0.7%) and softening at lower total strain amplitudes (<0.7%). The quenched and tempered and the ferrite–bainite–martensite (TSCA) microstructures displayed cyclic softening at all total strain amplitudes employed. Despite the cyclic softening, the ferrite–bainite–martensite structure was cyclically stronger than the ferrite–pearlite and the Q&T microstructures. Bilinearity in the Coffin–Manson plots was observed in Q&T and the multiphase TSCA conditions. An analysis of fracture surface provided evidence for predominantly ductile crack growth (microvoid coalescence and growth) in the ferrite–pearlite microstructure and mixed mode (ductile and brittle) crack growth in Q&T and the multiphase TSCA microstructures.