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Showing papers on "Cataloging published in 1994"


Patent
Lloyd Harper1, Jacques Joseph Labrie1
16 Aug 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer implemented information catalog database system is disclosed for cataloging information stored in one or more data storage resources under the control of one or multiple data processing nodes.
Abstract: A computer implemented information catalog database system is disclosed for cataloging information stored in one or more data storage resources under the control of one or more data processing nodes. The catalog system includes a cataloging service facility for performing one or more information cataloging functions to organize and present a graphical view of the information stored in the data storage resource. The information cataloging functions are categorized into a plurality of defined function categories. An object generation facility generates one or more meta-data objects corresponding to units of information stored in the data storage resource. The meta-data objects contain attributes defining characteristics of the information units to which they correspond and the meta-data objects are assigned to one or more of the function categories to define the information cataloging functions which may be performed on the meta-data objects. A user interface is provided for executing the information cataloging functions on the meta-data objects in response to user input.

288 citations


Book
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the history of cataloguing in the United States, and some of the techniques used in the development of modern cataloguing practices were developed in the 1950s and 1960s.
Abstract: This third edition of Lois Mai Chan's classic Cataloging and Classification covers the analysis and representation of methods used in describing, organizing, and providing access to resources made available in or through libraries, including both materials owned by the library and external electronic resources accessible through the library's portal.

148 citations



Book
13 May 1994
TL;DR: The book describes subject analysis and subject searching in online catalogs, including the limitations of retrieval, and demonstrates how such limitations can be overcome through system design and programming.
Abstract: From the Publisher: Using Subject Headings for Online Retrieval is an indispensable tool for online system designers who are developing new systems or refining existing ones. The book describes subject analysis and subject searching in online catalogs, including the limitations of retrieval, and demonstrates how such limitations can be overcome through system design and programming. The book describes the Library of Congress Subject Headings system and system characteristics, shows how information is stored in machine-readable files, and offers examples of and recommendations for successful retrieval methods. Tables are included to support these recommendations, and diagrams, graphs, and bar charts are used to provide results of data analysis. Practitioners in institutions using or considering the installation of an online catalog will refer to this book often to generate specifications. Researchers in library systems, information retrieval, and user behavior will appreciate the book's detailing of the results of an extensive, empirical study of the subject terms entered into online systems by end users. Using Subject Headings for Online Retrieval also addresses the needs of advanced students in library schools and instructors in library automation, information retrieval, cataloging, indexing, and user behavior.

28 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This is the first of a series of articles that explore the concept of work and attempt to construct a definition of the term based on Anglo-American cataloging theory and practice.
Abstract: This is the first of a series of articles that explore the concept of work and attempt to construct a definition of the term based on Anglo-American cataloging theory and practice. The user and the objects of the catalog are studied first.

22 citations




01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, a review deals with online catalog enhancements over the past two to three years, taking for granted those features that are now standard and mainly discusses issues related to problem areas in particular, subject access and user-searching behavior, as well as new developments and network access and resources.
Abstract: This review deals with online catalog enhancements over the past two to three years. It takes for granted those features that are now standard and mainly discusses issues related to problem areas in particular, subject access and user-searching behavior, as well as new developments and network access and resources. Many of the topics covered are very broad and widely covered in the literature. This review covers each topic by highlighting recent developments and treats in depth those isssues that are currently concerned with developing, and redefining the online catalog

19 citations



01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: A survey of selected library materials jobbers, cataloging agents, and library consortia as discussed by the authors shows that communication standards, vendor and library automation, and new partnerships among vendors and libraries are leading to greater opportunities for outsourcing acquisitions and cataloging, and collection development.
Abstract: A survey of selected library materials jobbers, cataloging agents, and library consortia shows that communication standards, vendor and library automation, and new partnerships among vendors and libraries are leading to greater opportunities for outsourcing acquisitions, cataloging, and collection development. Currently libraries can depend on vendors for preorder searching, verification, and claiming functions as well as copy and original cataloging. Libraries can receive shelf-ready materials from jobbers or cataloging agents; those that collect mainstream materials have the most options; other must shop among vendors. Collection development is the function least changed by automation, but materials become full partners in the development of contract services. To do this, librarians must understand the evolving roles of the traditional partners and the costs and risks involved


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The MARC AMC (MAchine-Readable cataloging for Archives and Manuscript Control) has "come of age," taking its place in the mainstream of both archival and cataloging thinking, theory, and practice as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: U.S. MARC AMC (MAchine-Readable Cataloging for Archives and Manuscript Control) has "come of age," taking its place in the mainstream of both archival and cataloging thinking, theory, and practice. The meteoric rise in the use of MARC AMC is evident in the statistics reported by the bibliographic utilities. The literature of MARC AMC, although extensive, has not been reviewed since 1989 and does not systematically document the use of the format in U.S. academic archives. This paper presents a review of that literature and reports the results of a 1992 survey of 200 archivists, representing 200 academic archives in the United States. These respondents were randomly selected from the Society of American Archivists' 1991 Directory of Individual Members; they cooperated in a survey examining the use of MARC AMC for cataloging archival and manuscript collections. This paper profiles the institutional use of MARC AMC, including the choice of a cataloging standard, such as Steven Henson's Archives, Personal Pape...

01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: While the authors enthusiastically encourage greater use of the Internet for ready reference, limitations are identified and reference policy and cost are discussed.
Abstract: As Internet resources have become increasingly available, reference librarians have begun using the Internet in pro viding ready reference services to their clients. There are many benefits in using Internet resources in ready refer ence. There are also some real costs involved. Use of the Internet is likely to have implications for the nature of ready reference itself. While the authors enthusiastically encourage greater use of the Internet for ready reference, limitations are identified and reference policy and cost is sues are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors outline several strategies to achieve a change in the culture of cataloging, the development of enhanced information technologies to support authority control and other cataloging activities, and taking a fresh look at cooperative programs to democratize participation.
Abstract: There is a long tradition of cooperative cataloging in the United States. Despite the existence of numerous cooperative programs in support of cataloging, there is a clear need for improving and increasing the contribution of original cataloging records to national and international databases. The authors outline several strategies to achieve these goals, including a change in the culture of cataloging, the development of enhanced information technologies to support authority control and other cataloging activities, and taking a fresh look at cooperative programs to democratize participation. In addition to these near term opportunities, there are also visions for the future that project more sophisticated expert systems and coordinated endeavors that link collection, processing, preservation, and resource-sharing


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Early cooperative cataloging efforts, prior to 1967 when the MARC format made its appearance and automation took off, clearly recognized the need to create a shared national resource of bibliographic records.
Abstract: Librarians in the United States always seem to be trying to reduce their costs and share resources through various centralized or cooperative endeavors. Early cooperative cataloging efforts, prior to 1967 when the MARC format made its appearance and automation took off, clearly recognized the need to create a shared national resource of bibliographic records. Yet, the dreams of cataloging it once for all turned into nightmares over and over as many schemes were tried and failed. However, some schemes succeeded and millions of items were cataloged through these early efforts. The promise of our preliminary steps in cooperative cataloging during the pre-automation era sparked our imaginations and raised our hopes for the future.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of selected library materials jobbers, cataloging agents, and library consortia shows that communication standards, vendor and library automation, and new partnerships among vendors and libraries are leading to greater opportunities for outsourcing acquisitions and cataloging, and collection development.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For years, Library of Congress (LC) subject headings have been criticized for not keeping up with the times as mentioned in this paper, and this has never been so much in evidence as at present, when so many countries have been...
Abstract: For years, Library of Congress (LC) subject headings have been criticized for not keeping up with the times. This has never been so much in evidence as at present, when so many countries have been ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The question of whether and when to pay a vendor to do the work of professional in-house catalogers strikes to the very heart of their identity as librarians, calling into question their assumptions about their ultimate purpose, their place in the scholarly information chain, and how the authors can best serve their institutions.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The background of various cataloging approaches, the needs of digital geographic data users, trends in automated cataloging, and at trends in organizing resources in an electronic network environment are looked at.
Abstract: Advances in computer and telecommunications technology have brought on a new era in the Information Age resulting both in the proliferation of digital geographic data and the emergence of an information infrastructure to facilitate the transfer of electronic information. We need to plan for the integration of digital geographic data into the information infrastructure. Those using the information infrastructure will require guides to access the information contained therein efficiently and effectively. Cataloging has long been recognized as an efficient method for condensing knowledge of large collections of items. Special approaches have proven successful for many applications, including digital geographic data. The advent of interconnecting catalogs to create vast virtual libraries of information leads to a need to overcome differences in special systems yet still allow users to access many of the special features found in individual systems. This article looks at the background of various cataloging approaches, at the needs of digital geographic data users, at trends in automated cataloging, and at trends in organizing resources in an electronic network environment.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The Rutgers Inventory of Machine-Readable Texts in the Humanities as discussed by the authors is a reference tool to help avoid duplication of effort for scholars and teachers in the humanities who want to use electronic texts in their work.
Abstract: The Rutgers Inventory of Machine-Readable Texts in the Huamities was established in 1983 as a reference tool to help avoid duplication of effort for scholars and teachers in the humanities who want to use electronic texts in their work. The Inventory catalogers follow AACR2 and use the MARC format to provide bibliographic information about texts in all fields of the humanities, in any language, anywhere in the world, through the RLIN data-base. This article describes the information in the Inventory and some unresolved issues in relation to bibliographic control of electronic texts in the humanities. Since 1949, when Father Busa in Italy first started using a computer for work on Thomas Aquinas' writings, interest in computers as a tool for humanities research has been growing slowly but steadily. As more and more humanities scholars began working with computers, they soon found that the preparation of electronic versions of theie primary source material was a tedious and painstaking task, and they began looking for existing electronic texts. Since there was not a single source of information about texts that had been converted to electronic format, or about the people who worked with electronic texts, information could only be obtained by word of mouth, through writing letters, or by asking around. Soon people found that they were duplicating effort, and it became clear that there was a need for a more reliable and accessible source of information about the existence and availability of electronic texts. In the early eighties Marianne Gaunt at Rutgers University Libraries initiated the establishment of an online inventory of such texts, with financial support from the Council on Library Resources and the Mellon Foundation. In 1983, the first catalog record of the Rutgers Inventory of Machine-Readable Texts in the Humanities was created on RLIN, the online union catalog of the Research Libraries Group (RLG). RLIN was selected to hold the records because the materials were needed by scholars in research institutions. RLG was also involved in the adaptation of the MARC database format to hold this type of material. In 1991, work on the Inventory became one of the main activities of the newly established Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities (CETH), with funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities. This article describes the Rutgers Inventory of Machine-Readable Texts in the Humanities and the kind of information that is included in the Inventory records. It discusses how standard cataloging rules prescribe the information that must be included in a bibliographic description of a text, ways in which these rules are enhanced for the Inventory, and the use of MARC fields for extensive notes and for access points. The next section covers RLIN and the new Eureka user interface and presents some examples of Inventory records. The final section addresses some of the unresolved issues involved in bibliographic control of and better access to electronic texts. Introduction to the Inventory The Inventory is international in scope and covers all humanities areas: religion, literature, language, music, history, art, and philosophy. Primary source materials in these areas include literary works, historical documents, manuscripts, papyri, inscriptions, and transcriptions of speech and dictionaries and may be in any natural language. The words "electronic text" in this article refer to a transcription of this type of material into computer-readable form, character by character, including whatever additional information is needed to make the text useful. An electronic text may be in one of two forms. One, often called a plain text or ASCII file, can be displayed, printed, or otherwise manipulated by whatever software an individual chooses to use or write. ASCII files can be easily copied, transmitted around the network, and updated and amended. …



Journal Article
TL;DR: Little has been done outside the cataloging arena to develop knowledge-based systems in these areas of acquisitions, serials control, collection management, cataloging, and preservation, but certain aspects of these areas are ideal candidates for artificial intelligence development.
Abstract: Technical services operations have traditionally evaluated their effectiveness in terms of quantity--number of orders placed, number of serial issues checked in, number of titles cataloged. Recent budget cuts and technological changes have, however, required libraries to redefine effectiveness. Many have begun to adopt current management thinking, which considers an organization's ability to adapt to its environment in addition to quantitative measurements. The ability to adapt may be increased through the empowerment of staff to take control of issues and resolve them without extensive hierarchical intervention or approval. This decentralization of decision making enables library staff at all levels to respond rapidly and innovatively. Frank D'Andraia notes another compelling issue that will affect the future of technical services. He predicts a major staffing crisis in academic libraries in the 1990s, for technical services in particular. The focus is now on knowledge skills rather than clerical skills. Staff work very independently and must understand the larger processes in addition to their specific tasks. Traditional clerical work has been replaced with more interdependent and varied automated tasks.(1) What technical services manager has not seen the increasing need for acquisitions staff who understand OCLC, or copy catalogers who can interpret acquisitions records? One of the ways to capture and build on existing expertise is through the use of knowledge-based systems. Although there are exceptions, these systems are not in wide use in libraries today. Certain aspects of acquisitions, serials control, collection management, cataloging, and preservation are ideal candidates for artificial intelligence development. However, as the following remarks indicate, little has been done outside the cataloging arena to develop knowledge-based systems in these areas. Knowledge-Based Systems Background


15 Dec 1994
TL;DR: Service protocols, conceptual models for developing intelligent computer to computer exchanges, were found to be the most pragmatic choice of possible cataloging paradigms.
Abstract: The transfer of information from paper based to electronic forms raises questions about how this information might be most easily and reliably found and accessed in a vast network of interconnected computers. This thesis examines specifically how spatial (geographic) information might be handled in such a network. It first examines the current state of spatial data cataloging. It then looks at how spatial resources (in the forms of archived data sets, active databases, analytical software, and automated services) might be arranged in the National Information Infrastructure by developing limited scenarios of spatial resource interactions. Five possible paradigms (based on trends in current electronic access mechanisms) to catalog these scenarios are compared. Service protocols, conceptual models for developing intelligent computer to computer exchanges, were found to be the most pragmatic choice of possible cataloging paradigms. Two examples of spatial resource service protocols are developed and presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the source documents and their references by classification systems researchers in the world, and presented core journals of the field during the period 1981-1990, and found that journal literature in this study confirms to Bradford's law and provides cataloging & classification Quarterly (CCQ) as the most productive journal, Library Resources & Technical Services (LRTS), and Knowledge Organization (KO),formally International Classification (IC), as the second most productive and frequently cited journal.
Abstract: By analyzing the source documents and their references by classification systems researchers in the world, this paper presents core journals of the field during the period 1981-1990. The findings show that journal literature in this study confirms to Bradford's law and provides Cataloging & Classification Quarterly (CCQ) as the most productive journal, Library Resources & Technical Services (LRTS) as the most frequently cited journal of the field and Knowledge Organization (KO),formally International Classification (IC) as the second productive and frequently cited journal of the field. The principal journals publishing source items differs from those used as reference sources of the field

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors give an introduction to some of the problems connected with duplicates and discuss several attempts to solve the problem and demonstrate the implementation of an expert system for duplicate detection which was developed at the university library of Karlsruhe for the cataloging system KARIN.
Abstract: Duplicates are becoming a major problem for libraries as they store an increasing number of electronic data in electronic databases. In this article we try to give an introduction to some of the problems connected with duplicates and discuss several attempts to solve the problem. We also demonstrate the implementation of an expert system for duplicate detection which was developed at the university library of Karlsruhe for the cataloging system KARIN.