Showing papers on "Cataloging published in 1995"

Metadata: the foundations of resource description

Abstract: OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) convened the invitational Metadata Workshop on March 1-3, 1995, in Dublin, Ohio, to attempt to define a simple metadata record that sufficiently describes a wide range of electronic objects. Fifty-two librarians, archivists, humanities scholars, and geographers, as well as standards makers in the Internet, Z39.50, and Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) communities, attended the workshop. They sought to identify the scope of the problem, to achieve consensus on a list of metadata elements that would yield simple descriptions of data in a wide range of subject areas, and to lay the groundwork for further progress in defining metadata elements that describe electronic information.

Cataloging in the Digital Order.

Abstract: What is the future of cataloging in light of ongoing developments in digital technologies? At one extreme are those who believe it is up to current institutions to take on the task of cataloging, and generally organizing, digital materials; at the other are those who imagine new sorts of tools and techniques will obviate the need for these traditional methods. This paper, written by a computer scientist, explores the nature of cataloging as it is now practiced. Drawing on textbooks and other library science materials, as well as recent results in anthropology and sociology, it characterizes cataloging as a form of order-making, invisibly sustaining "the order of the book." It then looks at how this order is being challenged by changes tied to the wide-scale adoption of digital technologies, and concludes by exploring the cataloging of digital materials.

Object-oriented cataloging

Abstract: Catalogs have developed from lists of physical items present in particular libraries into computerized access and retrieval tools for works dispersed across local and national boundaries. Works themselves are no longer necessarily constrained in one physical form. Cataloging rules, however, have not evolved in parallel with these developments. This paper reanalyzes the nature of works and their publication in an approach based on object-oriented modeling, and demonstrates the advantages to be gained thereby. It suggests a strategic plan to enable an organic transformation to be made from current MARC-based cataloging to object-oriented cataloging. Finding Books in Libraries Catalogs began as listings of particular books on specific shelves. My own institution, the Bodleian Library, compiled the first such published catalog in the English-speaking world nearly four centuries ago (Bodleian Library 1986). Over the centuries since then--but slowly--ideas such as relative location, consistent description, and catalog headings (i.e., access points) have been developed. This process came to full flower with the publication of the first edition of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules in 1967. In the following year, MARC was initiated. Here were a complete set of cataloging rules and a comprehensive way of coding catalog entries for computer use, arriving more or less one right after the other. The revision of the rules for the second edition in 1978 and its official adoption in 1980 by the two major sources of bibliographic records in the United Kingdom and the United States spread that florescence yet further. As a result, AACR2 has taken firm root all over the Anglophone world and beyond. The revision of the second edition of AACR in 1988 was not felt to be radical enough to warrant its identification as a full new edition. It really does seem that with the 1988 revision of AACR2 we have reached a plateau of maturity, with comprehensive rules based on firm theoretical foundations. In reality, of course, we have reached no such plateau. The problems arise from the fact that library catalogs do not function solely as descriptive lists of books: they function also as elements in library management systems and, in the electronic age, as sophisticated information retrieval tools. The catalog as a list of books is centered on the physical objects contained in a library. The structure of AACR2 makes it very clear that description is the first priority and that, once the description of an object is complete, one's attention may be turned to attaching "handles" to it so that readers may gain access to the material. The handles--the access points---arise from the description. The description itself is a stage on the road leading to the full text. In some environments in which AACR2 is used, different aspects of it may be considered important. In most booksellers, catalogs, there is only one access point for each work, and the bibliographic description is the main element; after all, attention is being focused on the physical item that is being offered for sale. In a company research library, classified access may be more important than access by personal author. How valid is AACR2 for all of these situations? Is the code really equally suitable for all environments? Access based on bibliographic description is historically grounded in the development of library catalogs. Until this century each library was self-contained and each catalog truly reflected the library's contents. If a requirement could not be met within the library, that was the end of the matter. The user had to be satisfied with the library's contents. But how many users enter a library looking for particular physical items. In the case of subject searches, the answer is obviously "None." Even in the case of what are generally called "known item" searches, most users are looking for any item which satisfies the request "an edition of Hamlet," rather than "the Macmillan edition of Hamlet. …

Cataloging Internet resources.

Abstract: The number of resources available on the Internet continues to expand exponentially, but finding appropriate resources is still a fragmented, hit-or-miss operation. Traditional library expertise in bibliographic description and access should be applied to the management of this emerging body of material. In the process, catalogers will be able to assess the adequacy of current tools (e.g., cataloging codes, machine-readable cataloging formats, integrated library systems) for providing access to Internet resources and will contribute credibly to design or redesign of access tools. This paper outlines the major issues that must be considered in cataloging electronic resources.

Educators and practitioners reply : an assessment of cataloging education

Abstract: A recent study of entry-level catalogers indicated that they did not feel sufficiently prepared for their first professional positions by the courses they took in library school This paper reports the results of a survey of both cataloging educators and practitioners The survey was designed to gather the opinions ofthese professionals about cataloging course content, the chief objectives of cataloging education, cataloging practicums, what constitutes preparation for professional cataloging, theory vs practice, on-the-job training, and the extent of communication between cataloging educators and practitioners While recent discussions of the status of cataloging education have indicated that course content is becoming more generalized, the results ofthis study support the value of expanded graduate programs and advanced courses and practicums that utilize practitioners for instruction The combination of narrative responses and quantitative data from the two groups provides an intriguing comparison of their assessment of contemporary cataloging educational objectives and goals

Cataloguing Internet resources: the library approach

Abstract: Many approaches have been taken by different groups to collect, organise, archive, disseminate and preserve electronic resources on Internet. Some projects, such as WebCrawler, Lycos, etc., purport to index or organise the electronic resources automatically. Another approach, led by the Clearinghouse for Subject‐Oriented Internet Resource Guides, involves human intelligence to identify and compile Internet resources by subjects for public access. The third category is the traditional library cataloguing approach. This paper demonstrates the benefits of the MARC formats, the importance of the integration of information resources, and the guarantee of public access as the major reasons for using the traditional cataloguing approach to organise Internet resources. Since cataloguing the Internet is a huge project, and various groups are involved in this process, the roles of each related group are discussed.

Precision and recall in title keyword searches

Abstract: OCLC's Online Union Catalog (OLUC) contains bibliographic records created under various cataloging guidelines. Until December 1980, no system-wide attempt had been made to resolve record conflicts caused by use of the different guidelines. The introduction of the new guidelines, the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition (AACR2), exacerbated these record conflicts. To reduce library costs, which might increase dramatically as users attempted to resolve those conflicts, OCLC converted name headings and uniform titles in its database to AACR2 form.The purpose of the conversion was to resolve record conflicts that resulted from rule changes and to conform to LC preferred forms of heading if possible.

After cutter : authority control in the twenty-first century

Abstract: The objectives of Charles Cutter have guided the construction of library catalog and authority control since the nineteenth century. With the computerization of library catalogs, some in the field have strongly advocated the view that authority control is no longer necessary, while others have maintained that it remains necessary. This article attempts to make a contribution to this ongoing debate by suggesting that the concept of utility be introduced into the value system underlying catalog objectives and authority control as complementary to the current goal of comprehensive recall. Utility, as a concept, calls for focusing our attention on those personal names for which authority control is most likely to prove significant in effective information retrieval. Such an approach supports authority control, yet suggests that practical limits can be defined and applied. If utility became one of the fundamental building blocks underlying our system of authority control, it would serve to provide us with the much needed ability to focus our efforts for the greatest good.

Contract Cataloging: A Pilot Project for Outsourcing Slavic Books

Abstract: This paper describes a pilot project conducted at the Ohio State University Libraries to contract out the cataloging of Slavic books. Two dimensions were examined in this study : (1) the quality of bibliographic records produced by the vendor ; and (2) the comparative costs for cataloging in-house vs. outsourcing the cataloging.

Accessing Spatial Data Online: Project Alexandria

Abstract: Project Alexandria, one of six National Science Foundation (NSF) digital library initiatives (DLI), has as its objective online access to spatial data in a distributed environment, with search options by areas of interest on a base map or by text, as the user prefers. The project, which is based at the University of California, Santa Barbara, has partners and participating agencies and libraries throughout the United States. The development of a rapid prototype system began in October 1994 and was completed by the end of February 1995. The testbed system will be operational by late 1997. Map libraries have a reasonably lengthy history of map cataloging; the first map catalog at Harvard University is dated 1831 (Merrett 1976, 3). Extensive employment of map cataloging dates from after World War II, and the practice became especially common with the availability of the USMARC Map format on OCLC. Online shared cataloging brought substantial benefits to map libraries almost immediately by creating and broadening access to cartographic information. Nonetheless, for as long as map cataloging has gone on, it has had as its constant counterpart frustrations known only to the map librarian who, for instance, is asked questions at the map-sheet or air-photo-frame level, but whose collection is cataloged at the map series or flight level (this assumes that the map librarian has cataloging access to remote-sensing imagery in the first place). Over the past two decades air photos have, for several reasons, seldom been cataloged in U.S. map libraries. Air photos held by any given library have tended to be local area photos for which no shared catalog record exists. Cataloging of this material most often requires time-consuming original cataloging, which frequently means that such items will be cataloged last, only after records that derive from shared cataloging or that will be used most heavily in a shared-cataloging environment have been cataloged. Added to the burden of the labor-intensive task of original cataloging is the challenge of describing a graphic object (such as a map) using only text. Even twenty years ago, exasperated rare-map catalogers, buried in USMARC note fields (5XX), were heard to mutter that the best idea was to photograph the map, put the photo in an aperture card with author/title/date/publishing information if any, and be done with it. The Beginnings of Project Alexandria Larry Carver, head of the Map and Imagery Laboratory (MIL) at the University of California, Santa Barbara's (UCSB) Davidson Library, noticed these problems in the late 1960s when he began working with the library's collection (all three map cases and two hundred maps of it). For many years, Carver's focus was developing the collection in the areas of greatest interest to the faculty--remote-sensing imagery and digital data; today, the collection encompasses 5.1 million items. In the mid-1980s, Carver began work on a grant proposal to make spatial data accessible at the sheet/frame level, using a mapsearch interface. The Research Libraries Group (RLG), of which UCSB is a member, became involved in Carver's project and in 1987 the Keck Foundation awarded RLG a grant to produce a design document for such a system (Bloch 1988; RLG 1989). For a variety of reasons, there was no further progress on the matter for several years. ESRI and NSF In the early summer of 1993, Carver met with Jack Dangermond, of the Environmental Research System Institute (ESRI), concerning the possibility of using geographic information systems (GIS), and specifically ESRI's ArcView and Arc/Info GIS softwares, as a method to access spatial data. In one sense, the idea under consideration turned GIS inside-out in that it made use of the attributes for the cataloging fields and the graphic representation for the browse file of the item or (space allowing) the actual spatial data in digital form. At their meeting, an agreement was reached between Carver and Dangermond whereby ESRI would provide software and staff time to work with MIL staff in setting up a prototype. …

Outsourcing Cataloging, Authority Work, and Physical Processing: A Checklist of Considerations

Abstract: Library managers are increasingly outsourcing many of their library's technical services operations to contractors. This text guides librarians through the outsourcing process for cataloguing, physical processing and authority work.

Outsourcing copy cataloging and physical processing : A review of Blackwell's outsourcing services for the J. Hugh Jackson Library at Stanford University

Abstract: Since 1993 Blackwell North America, Inc. (BNA) and B. H. Blackwell Ltd. (BHB) have provided J. Hugh Jackson Library staff at Stanford University with Library of Congress (LC) catalog records for monographs acquired from those vendors. Both jobbers also supplied various levels of physical processing for all books and serial purchased from them. This article describes the quality of the cataloging and physical processing services received during a one-year pilot project at the beginning of the outsourcing program. During that period, BNA and BHB supplied cataloging for 86% and 57% of monograph purchases, respectively. Library staff accepted 69% of BNA's and 61% of BHB's records without making any corrections; edited 25% of BNA's and 38% of BHB's Cataloging-in-Publication (CIP) records (requested by library managers as part of this study); corrected 4% of BNA's and none of BHB's records containing errors made by LC staff; and edited 2% of BNA's and 1% of BHB's records that had errors attributed to the vendors. During the final stage of the one-year study, BNA and BHB each achieved an error rate of less than 1% in their cataloging and physical processing work. BNA and BHB maintained nearly a zero error rate in the quality of their outsourcing services in the ten-month period immediately following the pilot project.

Telecommuting for Original Cataloging at the Michigan State University Libraries

Abstract: Telecommuting has become a popular option in recent years for workers in the business world seeking relieffrom lengthy, stressful commutes and workplace distractions. Working conditions in library technical services departments can be a problem for catalogers in need ofa quiet work environment. As technological advances continue to influence library cataloging applications, creating cataloging records from work sites outside the library is an attractive option for addressing library work environment concerns. Based on a successful program for indexers at the National Agriculture Library, a proposalfor an experimental telecommuting program for original cataloging in a university library was developed and tested.

Enhancing the Management of a High School's Non-Print Media Collection through a Computer Databased Bibliographic Cataloging System.

Abstract: Through the development and use of a computer databased bibliographic cataloging system, this practicum aimed to imprOve the organization and management of the non-print media collections housed in a Native American Indian reservation's high school language arts department and library in order for the teaching staff to gain better access to the collections' supplemental material that supports the English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) program for the school's Limited English Proficient (LEP) students. A team of educators constructed the database from a commercial software package that cataloged the bibliographic information of non-print collections, designed the database screen, utilized 10 entry f elds, and cataloged 1,528 titles. A training session was conducted with the teaching staff to demonstrate the database and to instruct on accessing techniques. Workshop materials were written and distributed. At the end of the implementation process, an analysis of preand post-survey results revealed that the high school instructional staff found the non-print media col'ections more organized and accessible. Staff perceived themselves as deriving greater use from their instructional efforts, and the collections were meeting their instructional needs at a greater level. Four tables, five figures and a diagram illustrate the database and findings. Twelve appendices provide survey instruments, workshop booklet, samples of the printed copy of the book catalog and thesaurus of descriptors, and the procedure manual. (Contains 56 references.) (Author/MAS) ********************************************************)....*********** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** NN N 00 Cr) U.S. DEANTAIENT Of EDUCATION Olt.ce or Eoucahonat Rata loth and I/nOrovamint EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER IERICI C This document has teen reproduced as ,ece.vect trom the parson or orgemzatoon ong.natmg,t C Mono, changes have Oaten made to Improve reOroduchon quality Ronts of new W oPrhons stated .0 10/5 dOCuwent 00 nol nacessanly roaorasonl ofaCtal OE RI Dosthon or pohcy Enhancing the Management of a High School's Non-Print Media Collection through a Computer Databased Bibliographic Cataloging System

Cataloging and Classification for Library Technicians, Second Edition

Abstract: Contents Introduction * Instructions for Use * Index of Domains and Main Headings * Domains and Headings * Universal Subdivisions * Alphabetic Index

Legacy System Cataloging Facility

Abstract: Describes a software model construction and management tool that provides a foundation for legacy systems modeling, analysis and transformation on an enterprise scale. The Legacy System Cataloging Facility provides a scalable, multi-tiered hierarchical storage mechanism for managing legacy system as persistent, high-fidelity software models within a distributed-computing framework. The Legacy System Cataloging Facility is one facet of a knowledge based tools framework for reverse engineering, reengineering and reuse that supports the transitioning of existing systems to support business process reengineering (BPR) as well as more traditional incremental maintenance activities.

Digital Spatial Libraries: A Context for Engineering and Library Collaboration

Abstract: At first glance, engineers and librarians would seem to be worlds apart in their interests. A revolution in information technology, however, is generating a convergence in interests and an environment for interesting and necessary collaborations. Increasingly, traditional analog library tools and mechanisms are being replaced by digital counterparts, some of which call for expertise beyond the domain of library science. The National Science Foundation (NSF) together with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) have funded six digital library projects that are being carried out by multidisciplinary teams made up of librarians, engineers, computer scientists, and professionals from several other disciplines. This paper begins with a review of the technological innovations that have allowed the emergence of digital libraries and fostered new multidisciplinary collaborations. The paper identifies a few key areas where collaborations are occurring among librarians and engineers, and illustrates these with examples from digital spatial library projects at the University of California, Santa Barbara (Project Alexandria) and the University of Maine (the BASIN Project). Particular emphasis is placed on digital spatial libraries, which have more unusual requirements for information processing. Collaborations in support of digital spatial libraries involve librarians, map librarians, and professionals in a new field of engineering referred to as spatial information engineering. I Changing Information Technology: A Context for Collaboration Technology is acknowledged as a powerful force in changing political and organizational dynamics and provoking realignments in group and individual behaviors. Information technology may be similarly described. Significant changes in information technology and communications infrastructures are affecting the behaviors of business, government, academia, and individual citizens. Some of these changing dynamics foster new and interesting collaborations, in some cases creating unexpected bedfellows. Recent examples include the shifting mergers and alliances among the traditional telephone companies; the cable television, cellular communications, and video distribution companies; and the entertainment and publishing industries. A less visible, but nonetheless auspicious, collaboration is the one forming between librarians and engineers. Engineers and librarians are two groups that one generally does not associate as having collaborative interests. Librarians have been quite secure in their own world of collecting, cataloging, and distributing information in analog formats; and engineers have likewise been content in their domain. Spatial information engineers have traditionally been involved in geodesy, photogrammetry, surveying, cartography and, more recently, GIS. Enter information technology. The tremendous rate of new developments in computing and telecommunications technology has forced a transition to new modes of operation for libraries. Increasingly, information is being created and offered in a digital format without ever migrating to a paper format. This transition to a digital environment has, in and of itself, provoked significant changes in the tools and roles of libraries. Another significant influence, however, has come from the development of the National Information Infrastructure (NII) (U.S. Congress 1993), which can now support the distribution of data to users, without the need for them to ever physically visit the library. The NII consists of computers, software and databases, fax machines, local area networks, access networks, and regional and national networks embodying various technologies with speeds in the hundreds of gigabits per second (Kettinger 1994). Formally introduced by the High Performance Computing Act of 1991, which established the National Research and Education Network (NREN), the NII is being strengthened by the Clinton administration in an effort to build an information highway that will carry pictures, voice, video, and textual data anywhere in the United States. …

Music: special characteristics for indexing and cataloguing

Abstract: Describes how the indexing and cataloguing of music can be affected by issues of subject access, format, genre, responsibility, language, alternate titles, excerpts, and the use of computer databases.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Program

Abstract: The statistics of the Cataloging in Publication (CIP) program indicate improvements in the accuracy of classification and the speed of cataloging in libraries and databases around the world.

The Cataloger's Workstation and the Continuing Transformation of Cataloging

Abstract: Computer technology is currently undergoing rapid development. The cataloger's workstation will act as an important structuring concept in our implementation of this technology in cataloging departments. As this combination of more powerful computer hardware and software is introduced into cataloging production, a new phase in the transformation of cataloging to a fully electronic environment will take hold. Though they existed prior to the introduction of electronic catalogs, the principles of connectivity and coordination will come to play primary roles in the use of the cataloger's workstation. In looking both at its conceptual foundations (Part I of this essay) and at details of its physical configuration (the focus of Part II, to appear in the next issue of Cataloging & Classification Quarterly), the essay provides a general overview of the many facets that make up the cataloger's workstation.

Nonbook materials : their occurrence and bibliographic description in Canadian libraries

Abstract: Over the last thirty years nonbook materials have slowly been gaining a place in libraries and in library catalogs. Part of a research study conducted in 1992 was devoted to examining the place of nine general categories of nonbook materials in Canadian libraries including : (1) the degree to which nonbook materials have penetrated library collections ; (2) the percentage of cataloged collections ; and (3) the extent to which the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, second edition, 1988 revision, has been applied in their cataloging. The 336 responses to the study's survey have been analyzed, revealing both that nonbook materials have achieved a place in library collections and that improvements in their catalog access are needed.

Processing and Cataloging of Archival Photograph Collections

Abstract: (1995). Processing and Cataloging of Archival Photograph Collections. Visual Resources: Vol. 11, Images in Libraries, Museums, and Archives: Description and Intellectual Access – Papers from the Philadelphia Area Consortium of Special Collections Libraries (PASCL) Summer Seminar – Guest Editor: Amy M.McColl, pp. 85-101.

Trainable Cataloging for Digital Image Libraries with Applications to Volcano Detection

Abstract: Users of digital image libraries are often not interested in image data per se but in derived products such as catalogs of objects of interest. Converting an image database into a usable catalog is typically carried out manually at present. For many larger image databases the purely manual approach is completely impractical. In this paper we describe the development of a trainable cataloging system: the user indicates the location of the objects of interest for a number of training images and the system learns to detect and catalog these objects in the rest of the database. In particular we describe the application of this system to the cataloging of small volcanoes in radar images of Venus. The volcano problem is of interest because of the scale (30,000 images, order of 1 million detectable volcanoes), technical difficulty (the variability of the volcanoes in appearance) and the scientific importance of the problem. The problem of uncertain or subjective ground truth is of fundamental importance in cataloging problems of this nature and is discussed in some detail. Experimental results are presented which quantify and compare the detection performance of the system relative to human detection performance. The paper concludes by discussing the limitations of the proposed system and the lessons learned of general relevance to the development of digital image libraries.