Topic
Catecholamine
About: Catecholamine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 10753 publications have been published within this topic receiving 379056 citations. The topic is also known as: catecholamines.
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TL;DR: A single cell clonal line which responds reversibly to nerve growth factor (NGF) has been established from a transplantable rat adrenal pheochromocytoma and should be a useful model system for neurobiological and neurochemical studies.
Abstract: A single cell clonal line which responds reversibly to nerve growth factor (NGF) has been established from a transplantable rat adrenal pheochromocytoma. This line, designated PC12, has a homogeneous and near-diploid chromosome number of 40. By 1 week's exposure to NGF, PC12 cells cease to multiply and begin to extend branching varicose processes similar to those produced by sympathetic neurons in primary cell culture. By several weeks of exposure to NGF, the PC12 processes reach 500-1000 mum in length. Removal of NGF is followed by degeneration of processes within 24 hr and by resumption of cell multiplication within 72 hr. PC12 cells grown with or without NGF contain dense core chromaffin-like granules up to 350 nm in diameter. The NGF-treated cells also contain small vesicles which accumulate in process varicosities and endings. PC12 cells synthesize and store the catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine. The levels (per mg of protein) of catecholamines and of the their synthetic enzymes in PC12 cells are comparable to or higher than those found in rat adrenals. NGF-treatment of PC12 cells results in no change in the levels of catecholamines or of their synthetic enzymes when expressed on a per cell basis, but does result in a 4- to 6-fold decrease in levels when expressed on a per mg of protein basis. PC12 cells do not synthesize epinephrine and cannot be induced to do so by treatment with dexamethasone. The PC12 cell line should be a useful model system for neurobiological and neurochemical studies.
5,409 citations
TL;DR: The "catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders" as discussed by the authors suggests that depression is associated with an absolute or relative decrease in catecholamines, particularly norepinephrine, available at central adrenergic receptor sites.
Abstract: The "catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders" proposes that some, if not all, depressions are associated with an absolute or relative decrease in catecholamines, particularly norepinephrine, available at central adrenergic receptor sites. Elation, conversely, may be associated with an excess of such amines. Evidence supporting this hypothesis was reviewed. Data from pharmacological studies, mainly in animals, suggest that the actions of both major classes of antidepressant drugs are mediated through the catecholamines. The monoamine oxidase inhibitors increase brain concentrations of norepinephrine while imipramine-like agents potentiate the physiological effects of norepinephrine. Reserpine, a drug which can cause clinical depression, depletes catecholamines, but other amines may also be involved in its mechanism of action. A rigorous extrapolation from pharmacological studies to pathophysiology clearly cannot be made. Clinical studies relevant to the catecholamime hypothesis are limited and the ...
3,012 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results suggest that p -chlorophenylalanine may effect 5HT depletion by inhibiting the biosynthesis of this monoamine, possibly by blocking tryptophan hydroxylation.
Abstract: p -Chlorophenylalanine has been found to be a potent and selective depletor of brain serotonin (5HT) in mice, rats and dogs. Brain 5-hydroxy-3-indolylacetic acid (5HIAA) content was also depleted by the drug, but catecholamine concentrations were only slightly decreased. Peripheral stores of 5HT were also lowered. In rats, p -chlorophenylalanine reduced the normal increase in brain 5-hydroxyl-3-indolyl compounds following L-tryptophan loading (without apparently affecting tryptophan uptake into brain), completely prevented the increase in brain 5HT accompanying inhibition of monoamine oxidase by pargyline and blocked the increase in brain 5HIAA usually observed after reserpine treatment. p -Chlorophenylalanine slightly diminished the usual increase in brain 5HT in rats following 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) administration, but decreased the rate of disappearance of excess 5HT and antagonized the increase in brain 5HIAA. p -Chlorophenylalanine did not inhibit monoamine oxidase or 5HTP-decarboxylase in vitro and exerted no effect on monoamine oxidase or 5HTP decarboxylase activity of rat tissues in vivo. In contrast, p -chlorophenylalanine inhibited liver tryptophan hydroxylase in vitro and strongly suppressed the tryptophan- and phenylalanine-hydroxylating capabilities of livers of rats treated with it. These results suggest that p -chlorophenylalanine may effect 5HT depletion by inhibiting the biosynthesis of this monoamine, possibly by blocking tryptophan hydroxylation. A blockade of uptake of amino acid precursor might also contribute to the effect of decreasing 5HT biosynthesis. The slow depletion (2-3 days) of brain 5HT induced by p -chlorophenylalanine suggests that an active metabolite might be formed. p -Chlorophenylpyruvic acid exerted essentially the same pharmacologic effects as the amino acid, but it cannot be ascertained at present whether it is the active metabolite because of the interconversion of α-amino acids and α-keto acids in vivo. p -Chlorophenethylamine may be excluded as the metabolite responsible for the action of p -chlorophenylalanine because of the brief duration of the amine in brain and the short lasting, nonselective decrease of both 5HT and norepinephrine produced by the amine. A study of structural variation in the phenylalanine series indicated a specific requirement of a single chlorine substituent in the para position for potent in vivo activity. Rats treated with p -chlorophenylalanine displayed few apparent signs, and certainly not sedation. p -Chlorophenylalanine did not block characteristic signs elicited by reserpine or tetrabenazine in rats. Accordingly, the central actions of reserpine and reserpine-like drugs may possibly be dissociated from both 5HT concentrations and the formation of new 5HT in brain.
1,754 citations
TL;DR: Together these agents appear to determine the complex physiologic responses to a variety of stressors.
Abstract: Stress stimulates several adaptive hormonal responses. Prominent among these responses are the secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex, and adrenocorticotropin from the anterior pituitary. A number of complex interactions are involved in the regulation of these hormones. Glucocorticoids regulate catecholamine biosynthesis in the adrenal medulla and catecholamines stimulate adrenocorticotropin release from the anterior pituitary. In addition, other hormones, including corticotropin-releasing factor, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and arginine vasopressin stimulate while the corticosteroids and somatostatin inhibit adrenocorticotropin secretion. Together these agents appear to determine the complex physiologic responses to a variety of stressors.
1,529 citations
TL;DR: Although there was no significant difference in the rate of death between patients with shock who were treated with dopamine as the first-line vasopressor agent and those who were treating with norepinephrine, the use of dopamine was associated with a greater number of adverse events.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Both dopamine and norepinephrine are recommended as first-line vasopressor agents in the treatment of shock. There is a continuing controversy about whether one agent is superior to the other. METHODS In this multicenter, randomized trial, we assigned patients with shock to receive either dopamine or norepinephrine as first-line vasopressor therapy to restore and maintain blood pressure. When blood pressure could not be maintained with a dose of 20 μg per kilogram of body weight per minute for dopamine or a dose of 0.19 μg per kilogram per minute for norepinephrine, open-label norepinephrine, epinephrine, or vasopressin could be added. The primary outcome was the rate of death at 28 days after randomization; secondary end points included the number of days without need for organ support and the occurrence of adverse events. RESULTS The trial included 1679 patients, of whom 858 were assigned to dopamine and 821 to norepinephrine. The baseline characteristics of the groups were similar. There was no significant between-group difference in the rate of death at 28 days (52.5% in the dopamine group and 48.5% in the norepinephrine group; odds ratio with dopamine, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.97 to 1.42; P = 0.10). However, there were more arrhythmic events among the patients treated with dopamine than among those treated with norepinephrine (207 events [24.1%] vs. 102 events [12.4%], P<0.001). A subgroup analysis showed that dopamine, as compared with norepinephrine, was associated with an increased rate of death at 28 days among the 280 patients with cardiogenic shock but not among the 1044 patients with septic shock or the 263 with hypovolemic shock (P = 0.03 for cardiogenic shock, P = 0.19 for septic shock, and P = 0.84 for hypovolemic shock, in Kaplan–Meier analyses). CONCLUSIONS Although there was no significant difference in the rate of death between patients with shock who were treated with dopamine as the first-line vasopressor agent and those who were treated with norepinephrine, the use of dopamine was associated with a greater number of adverse events. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00314704.)
1,431 citations