Cellular compartment

About: Cellular compartment is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1082 publications have been published within this topic receiving 53794 citations. The topic is also known as: cell compartmentation.

Protein Sorting in Healthy and Diseased Photoreceptors.

Abstract: Rods and cones are retinal photoreceptor neurons required for our visual sensation. Because of their highly polarized structures and well-characterized processes of G protein-coupled receptor-mediated phototransduction signaling, these photoreceptors have been excellent models for studying the compartmentalization and sorting of proteins. Rods and cones have a modified ciliary compartment called the outer segment (OS) as well as non-OS compartments. The distinct membrane protein compositions between OS and non-OS compartments suggest that the OS is separated from the rest of the cellular compartments by multiple barriers or gates that are selectively permissive to specific cargoes. This review discusses the mechanisms of protein sorting and compartmentalization in photoreceptor neurons. Proper sorting and compartmentalization of membrane proteins are required for signal transduction and transmission. This review also discusses the roles of compartmentalized signaling, which is compromised in various retinal ciliopathies.

pH induced conformational alteration in human peroxiredoxin 6 might be responsible for its resistance against lysosomal pH or high temperature.

Abstract: Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), the ubiquitously expressed enzyme belonging to the family of peroxidases, namely, peroxiredoxins, exhibits a unique feature of functional compartmentalization within cells. Whereas, the enzyme localized in cytosol shows glutathione peroxidase activity, its lysosomal counterpart performs calcium independent phospholipase A2 (aiPLA2) activity. Like any true moonlighting protein, these two activities of Prdx6 are mutually exclusive of each other as a function of the pH of the cellular compartments. Differential substrate preference at different pH (i.e. peroxidised phospholipids at neutral pH and reduced phospholipids at acidic pH) is considered to be the reason for this behavior. To gain insight into the pH-induced structural–functional interplay we have systematically evaluated conformational variations, thermodynamic stability of the protein and quaternary state of the conformers at both pH 7.0 and 4.0. Our findings suggest that change in pH allows alterations in native states of Prdx6 at pH 7.0 and 4.0 such that the changes make the protein resistant to thermal denaturation at low pH.

Analysis system for orthogonal access to and tagging of biomolecules in cellular compartments

Abstract: The invention relates to a system and methods for enhancing access to nuclear informational molecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, by analytical biomolecules, such as transposome complexes, by treating nuclei with a nuclear permeability enhancer, and to methods of using nuclear membrane, cell membrane, and external compartmentalization approaches as contiguity preserving elements.

Expression of intercellular lipid transport and cholesterol metabolism genes in eggs and early larvae stages of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus , a marine aquaculture species

Abstract: Growth and energy transfer are critically dependent on effective transport of lipid molecules between tissues and cellular compartments. This process is specific in egg and eleutheroembryos, when energetic and structural lipids, located at the yolk sac, need to be mobilized in order to be incorporated in the new forming embryo, or to produce energy. Here, we describe the transcriptional profile of 11 genes that codify for proteins involved in intercellular lipid transport and cholesterol metabolism during the early development of a marine teleost fish (Scophthalmus maximus), from notochord formation to the period beyond mouth opening. The mRNA expression pattern of genes (apoA1, apoB100, apoE, cetp, mtp, pltp, lipC, lpl, hmgcr1, soat1, lcat) is described and related to previously published lipid levels in larvae and PPARs—peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors—mRNA levels from the same experiment (Cunha et al. in Mar Genomics 10:17–25, 2013). Our findings show that the transcription of genes responsible for apolipoproteins production starts soon before hatching and that activities decline along the development. In contrast, genes responsible for cholesterol synthesis have a low transcription level early in the development and their activity increases later. Apolipoproteins and other genes related to reverse cholesterol transport are possibly under the control of Pparα2, while the expression of extracellular lipid transfer proteins and enzymes involved in cholesterol synthesis is possibly under the simultaneous control of Pparα1 and Pparγ. Generally, the observed transcription of genes involved in lipid transport is in accordance with the lipid composition of the larvae and transcription of master regulators of lipid metabolism such as the nuclear receptors—PPARs.