Topic
Cellular differentiation
About: Cellular differentiation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 90966 publications have been published within this topic receiving 6099252 citations. The topic is also known as: Cellular differentiation & GO:0030154.
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TL;DR: An experimental system is established, which reproduces the nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells in vitro by fusing adult thymocytes with embryonic stem (ES) cells, which shows that ES cells have the capacity to reset certain aspects of the epigenotype of somatics cells to those of ES cells.
921 citations
TL;DR: The present investigation was designed to test whether the fusion and differentiation of myoblasts into multinucleated cells is a rigidly progressive phenomenon which must occur within a definite number of cell divisions, or whether the capacity ofMyoblasts to fuse and differentiate can be retained over extended periods of multiplication in vitro.
921 citations
TL;DR: The past 15 years have witnessed tremendous progress in the molecular understanding of osteoblasts, the main bone-forming cells in the vertebrate skeleton, and evidence indicates that osteoblast may also regulate the behaviour of other cell types.
Abstract: The past 15 years have witnessed tremendous progress in the molecular understanding of osteoblasts, the main bone-forming cells in the vertebrate skeleton In particular, all of the major developmental signals (including WNT and Notch signalling), along with an increasing number of transcription factors (such as RUNX2 and osterix), have been shown to regulate the differentiation and/or function of osteoblasts As evidence indicates that osteoblasts may also regulate the behaviour of other cell types, a clear understanding of the molecular identity and regulation of osteoblasts is important beyond the field of bone biology
919 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that IL‐22, in contrast to its relative IFN‐γ, regulates the expression of only a few genes in keratinocytes, which may be important in the innate immunity and reorganization of epithelia.
Abstract: IL-22 is an IFN-IL-10 cytokine family member, which is produced by activated Th1 and NK cells and acts primarily on epithelial cells. Here we demonstrate that IL-22, in contrast to its relative IFN-gamma, regulates the expression of only a few genes in keratinocytes. This is due to varied signal transduction. Gene expressions regulated by IL-22 should enhance antimicrobial defense [psoriasin (S100A7), calgranulin A (S100A8), calgranulin B (S100A9)], inhibit cellular differentiation (e.g., profilaggrin, keratins 1 and 10, kallikrein 7), and increase cellular mobility [e.g., matrix metalloproteinease 1 (MMP1, collagenase 1), MMP3 (stromelysin 1), desmocollin 1]. In contrast, IFN-gamma favored the expression of MHC pathway molecules, adhesion molecules, cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors. The IL-22 effects were transcriptional and either independent of protein synthesis and secretion, or mediated by a secreted protein. Inflammatory conditions, but not keratinocyte differentiation, amplified the IL-22 effects. IL-22 application in mice enhanced cutaneous S100A9 and MMP1 expression. High IL-22 levels in psoriatic skin were associated with strongly up-regulated cutaneous S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, and MMP1 expression. Psoriatic patients showed strongly elevated IL-22 plasma levels, which correlated with the disease severity. Expression of IL-22 and IL-22-regulated genes was reduced by anti-psoriatic therapy. In summary, despite similarities, IFN-gamma primarily amplifies inflammation, while IL-22 may be important in the innate immunity and reorganization of epithelia.
918 citations
TL;DR: Using inducible constructs derived induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and found that transgene silencing is a prerequisite for normal cell differentiation, a step toward understanding some of the molecular events governing epigenetic reprogramming.
916 citations