Topic
Cellular differentiation
About: Cellular differentiation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 90966 publications have been published within this topic receiving 6099252 citations. The topic is also known as: Cellular differentiation & GO:0030154.
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TL;DR: It is shown that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are required to mount a robust Th2 cell response to the protease-allergen papain, suggesting a common pathway in the initiation of Th 2 cell responses to allergen.
785 citations
TL;DR: Cell transplantation studies suggest that mib function is essential in the signaling cell for efficient activation of Notch in neighboring cells, and observations support a model for Notch activation where the Delta-Notch interaction is followed by endocytosis of Delta and transendocyTosis of the Notch extracellular domain by the signalingcell.
785 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that signals from the commensal microflora contribute to the differentiation of a lymphocyte population coexpressing stimulatory natural killer cell receptors and the transcription factor RORγt that produced interleukin 22 (IL-22).
Abstract: The mucosal immune system of the intestine is separated from a vast array of microbes by a single layer of epithelial cells. Cues from the commensal microflora are needed to maintain epithelial homeostasis, but the molecular and cellular identities of these cues are unclear. Here we provide evidence that signals from the commensal microflora contribute to the differentiation of a lymphocyte population coexpressing stimulatory natural killer cell receptors and the transcription factor RORgammat that produced interleukin 22 (IL-22). The emergence of these IL-22-producing RORgammathiNKp46+NK1.1(int) cells depended on RORgammat expression, which indicated that these cells may have been derived from lymphoid tissue-inducer cells. IL-22 released by these cells promoted the production of antimicrobial molecules important in the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis.
784 citations
TL;DR: The studies demonstrate that glial cells carrying a human SOD1G93A mutation have a direct, non–cell autonomous effect on motor neuron survival and show that ESC-based models of disease provide a powerful tool for studying the mechanisms of neural degeneration.
Abstract: Here we report an in vitro model system for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from mice carrying normal or mutant transgenic alleles of the human SOD1 gene were used to generate motor neurons by in vitro differentiation. These motor neurons could be maintained in long-term coculture either with additional cells that arose during differentiation or with primary glial cells. Motor neurons carrying either the nonpathological human SOD1 transgene or the mutant SOD1G93A allele showed neurodegenerative properties when cocultured with SOD1G93A glial cells. Thus, our studies demonstrate that glial cells carrying a human SOD1G93A mutation have a direct, non–cell autonomous effect on motor neuron survival. More generally, our results show that ESC-based models of disease provide a powerful tool for studying the mechanisms of neural degeneration. These phenotypes displayed in culture could provide cell-based assays for the identification of new ALS drugs.
783 citations
TL;DR: This work identifies the transcription factor ATF4 as a critical substrate of RSK2 that is required for the timely onset of osteoblast differentiation, for terminal differentiation of osteoblasts, and for osteoplast-specific gene expression and indicates that lack of ATF4 phosphorylation by R SK2 may contribute to the skeletal phenotype of CLS.
782 citations