Cement

TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of zeolite, coal bottom ash and fly ash as Portland cement replacement materials on the properties of cement are investigated through three different combinations of tests, and physical properties such as setting time, volume expansion, compressive strength and water consistency of the mortar are determined.

TL;DR: In this paper, bottom ash was used as an alternative aggregate for the production of building concrete with a characteristic 28-day compressive strength of 25 MPa, which is higher than natural gravel.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the corrosion of different hardened cementing materials, such as Portland cement (PC), alkali-activated blast furnace slag cement (ASC), lime-fly ash (LFA) blend and high alumina cement with gypsum and lime (HAC), in pH 3 nitric acid, pH 3 acetic acid, and pH 5 acetic acids solutions, and found that PC pastes were corroded faster than ASC and LFA pastes, and pastes consisting of HAC were quickly dissolved in these acid solutions.

TL;DR: The concept of nonevaporable (water retained in P-dried state) and gel water (additional water retained upon saturation) was introduced by Powers and Brownyard as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: In this paper, a rational mix design method was developed for concrete with 20% to 80% fly ash replacement for cement, and the results confirmed the feasibility that up to 80 % of Class F fly ash can be suitably used as cement replacement in concrete.