Showing papers on "Character (mathematics) published in 1977"

Quantitative structure--activity relationships. 7. The bilinear model, a new model for nonlinear dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character.

Abstract: The bilinear model, log 1/C =a log P-b log (betaP+1) +C, a new model for nonlinear dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character, is applied to 57 data sets of biological activity values in homologous series. From a comparison of the statistical parameters and the residuals obtained with the bilinear model and the parabolic model, the superiority of the bilinear model for a precise quantitative description of both linear and nonlinear parts of sturcture-activity relationships can be derived; the bilinear model explains the particular effect that in homologous series the relationship between biological activity and hydrophobic character is strictly linear for the lower members, while for higher members this relationship is nonlinear.

Dynamic Central Place Theory: Results of a Simulation Approach

Abstract: A dynamic central place theory is formulated as a simulation model in which retail activities, described by cost equations, and consumers, described by spatial interaction equations, interact to generate a central place system. The behavior of the model is then examined. Simulation results show that the basic character of the system—whether it is agglomerated or dispersed—depends primarily on a single parameter in the interaction equation, and only secondarily on the specification of the cost function. The results are highly robust in that they are largely independent of the initial sizes and locations of centers, and even independent of the type of interaction equation used. The patterns generated appear plausible.

Spelled word input directory information retrieval system with input word error corrective searching

Abstract: An arrangement for retrieving information from a directory responsive to a sequence of spoken character signals in which a set of probable characters for each character signal is stored in a position ordered array. A candidate word is formed from the most probable characters of the array and the directory is repeatedly searched for words therein which match a candidate word. After each unsuccessful search, the candidate word is modified by selectively substituting array characters for mismatched position characters on the basis of the closest mismatched word found in the preceding search. If there are no more array characters for substitution after an unsuccessful search, a new candidate word is formed by placing an ignore character in the first mismatched position of the best candidate word of all preceding searches. The position of the ignore mismatch character is shifted left each time no further array characters are available for substitution. Responsive to detection of a matching word, a spoken message is generated from the information associated therewith.

Semimetallic character of TiSe2 and semiconductor character of TiS2 under pressure

Abstract: Presents room-temperature measurements of the in-plane resistivity (j,Eperpendicular to c) and Hall coefficient (jperpendicular to c,B/sub //c/) of TiSe2 and TiS2 as a function of pressure. With pressure both the resistivity and Hall coefficient decrease rapidly in TiSe2; this the authors interpret in terms of a changing p-d band overlap, and is consistent with the semimetallic picture for this material. In contrast, the Hall coefficient of TiS2 is completely independent of pressure, indicating that the carriers present do not arise from this p-d band overlap, but rather from partial occupation of the band as a result of slight Ti excess. Thus the extrinsic semiconductor picture for TiS2 is favoured by the authors.

Social-Ecological Constraints on Children's Communicative Strategies

Abstract: This paper focuses on how the socio-ecological environment provides specific socially-defined opportunities for interaction and talk. The socially defined character of the different areas of a nurs...

Complex character generator

Abstract: A character compaction and generation method and apparatus which is particularly adapted to the generation of complex characters such as Kanji characters. A dot matrix defining a given character is compacted into a sparse matrix, with the original character being reconstructed for printing or display from the compacted character defined in the sparse matrix. Each character in the complex character set is compacted and stored in memory one time only, with decompaction being performed each time a given character is to be generated. A set of symbols are defined to represent different patterns which occur frequently in the entire complex character set. Different combinations of the symbols define a given character. The information stored for each sparse matrix representing a given character is comprised of each symbol in the sparse matrix, its position, and its size parameter if the symbol represents a family of patterns which differ only in size. Three groups of different patterns are defined which occur frequently in the complex character set, namely, a first group which has a fixed size for each pattern, a second group which has one size parameter which must be specified for each pattern, and a third group which has a plurality of size parameters which must be specified for each pattern.

System for displaying character and graphic information on a color video display with unique multiple memory arrangement

Abstract: A system for displaying character and graphic information on a color video display utilizes a unique memory architecture A display memory having a plurality of addressable words corresponding to character positions on the display is utilized to store the digitally coded image signals generated by the processor A digital processor generates digitally-coded signals indicative of a plurality of character or other graphic color images which are to be displayed on the color video display Contiguous addresses of the display memory are developed by counters which are also used to generate horizontal and vertical sync signals for the display A plurality of sets of characters with a plurality of characters per set are stored in a character generator memory Each word of the display memory is formatted as two bytes A character memory is provided separately from the display memory, and is addressed by the first byte of the display memory word Each word of the character memory is partitioned into two bytes, a first byte for addressing the character generator memory to select a character set with the second byte of the display memory word addressing the character generator memory to select a particular character in the selected set to be displayed on the video display The second byte read from the character memory determines the color of the displayed character, and is applied to a video signal generator along with the output of the character generator memory to produce the desired character or other graphic information on the color video display

Data compression system

Abstract: A data compression system is disclosed in which the left-hand boundary of a character is developed in the form of a sequence of Freeman direction codes, the codes being stored in digital form within a processor. The number of binary data bits required to define the character using different criteria is then generated and compared to determine which criteria defines the character in the minimum amount of binary data bits.

Character size changing device

Abstract: A signal converter for use in a recording or displaying device which can be used to change the size of characters to be recorded or displayed. By using instruction signals or enlargement codes, a part (for example the upper or lower half) of a character field and hence a corresponding part of a character may be enlarged, and then the enlarged upper and lower halves are combined to form an enlarged character for recording or display. Any number of characters in a row of characters may be changed in size by using the signal converter, and specified portions of different characters may be enlarged and then combined.

Pre-processing and feature extraction system for character recognition

Abstract: Character recognition apparatus and a method for identifying machine-printed and hand-printed characters. A character is optically scanned and converted to a rectangular matrix representation containing black and white points. The matrixed character is pre-processed by a non-iterative line-thinning technique so as to reduce the stroke width to no more than two points along the center line of the matrixed character. Isolated black points formed in the process of thinning the strokes are removed. Any gaps in the center-line of the matrixed character are filled and the edges of all long strokes are smoothed. The thinned character matrix is divided into a plurality of regions. One of a set of predetermined stroke features of the character matrix is extracted by scanning subregions of the character matrix such that the center position of the scanned subregions will have occupied all elements of the character matrix after one complete scan. A particular stroke feature is identified by an analysis of the arrangement of black and white points detected in each subregion. The feature extracted will be assigned to the region containing the center position of the particular subregion which was scanned. The features extracted in each of the regions are used to identify the character. In one embodiment, the sequence of stroke features detected for regions of the character matrix is compared with a table of stroke sequences corresponding to previously identified characters. The matrix is assigned to the character whose stroke sequences most closely match that of the matrixed character. Alternatively, a weighted value may be assigned to each of the possible stroke features in each region for every possible character, based on the relative importance of that feature to the character in that region, as determined by analysis of previously identified samples of the particular hand-printed or machine-printed characters. The matrixed character is identified by summing the weighted values of the detected features assigned to each region to produce a score for each character matrix. The matrix is then assigned to the character yielding the highest score.

Character recognition apparatus for serially comparing an unknown character with a plurality of reference characters

Abstract: A character recognition apparatus for recognizing an unknown character having a value at a matrix of discrete locations, comprising a ROM having at least a first plurality of storage locations each containing an address storing location and a reference storing location and storing information relative to a reference character, the ROM responding to a count signal and providing a first address signal and a reference signal, a RAM including a second greater plurality of storage locations each storing a value of the unknown character at a discrete matrix location, the RAM being responsive to the first address signal and providing a data signal corresponding to the value of the unknown character at the address location, a counter and a comparator circuit responding to the data signal and the reference signal and producing an output signal that serves as an indication that the unknown character is not the reference character. In the preferred embodiment, two ROMs and two RAMs are employed to enhance the speed of the apparatus.

Character recognition system

Abstract: A character recognition system such as employed for determining characters formed with magnetically impregnated ink on a check wherein a plurality of sequential pulses are generated for each of a plurality of successive regions along a said character responsive to the movement through the system of the check, and wherein there is included means synchronous with clock pulses at a rate equal to the timing pulse rate divided by the quantity of said plurality for determining the discrete signal areas to be observed and decoded, decoding being only in terms of the presence or absence of discrete signal levels of positive and negative pulses.

Character recognition apparatus

Abstract: A character is scanned in a plurality of parallel scan lines and the starting and ending positions of the character in the respective scan lines are detected. The portions of the character between the starting and ending positions of the respective scan lines are quantized and classified into a code. The starting and ending positions and classification codes are compared with those of standard character patterns and the character is recognized as the standard character with the closest correlation. This operation corresponds to tracing the right and left outlines of the character, and further classifying the interior of the character. Means are provided for normalizing the horizontal size, position and slant of the character prior to correlation. An improved quadratic correlation function is disclosed which selectively utilizes root mean square values of positive and negative projection components of a characteristic vector of a covariance matrix of a standard character pattern.

Display of video images

Abstract: The system displays video images of data characters or other graphics with video modifications being made thereto. A coded data character is provided which represents a first graphical image from a first library, such as a font, of related images to be displayed. A second coded data character is provided which represents a second graphical image from a second library, such as a font, of related images wherein the first library of related images is independent of the second library of related images. A storage facility is provided for each library with the facility storing video display instructions for forming each character or graphical image in the library of graphical images. The storage facility for the first library of images is interrogated by the first coded data character to obtain therefrom the video display instructions for forming the image represented by that data character. The storage facility of images for the second library of images is interrogated by the second coded data character to obtain from the storage facility the video display instructions for forming the graphical image represented by that data character. The video display instructions for forming the video image of the character from the first library are combined with the instructions for forming the graphical image from the second library. The combined video display instructions are employed for forming a graphical image having the combined video characteristics of the images represented by the first coded data character and the second coded character.

Methods of a coarse-scan/fine-print character reproduction with compression

Abstract: A coarse scanning device produces analog signals that are encoded and compressed to distinguish between and represent the white background and potentially the all black elements of the character by run length codes and at least the edge of the black character by grey level values. The grey level information is decoded to activate a fine print device where the numer of print dots in a matrix is equal to the grey level values. The placement of the print dots are biased according to pattern matrices designed to bias the dots toward the character. The pattern matrices are acquired by determining the sums of the grey level values of various groups of picture elements peripheral to the picture element being decoded.

The Revolutionary Character of Post-Keynesian Economics

Abstract: (1977). The Revolutionary Character of Post-Keynesian Economics. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 541-560.

Multiple language character generating system

Abstract: A character generating system is provided for a photocomposition machine to display alpha/numeric symbols on a CRT for any language selected from a group of languages. The system includes a character generator memory for each symbol and control means which selects a predetermined set of memories for each language in a manner that symbols common to two or more languages are provided from the same character generator memory, whereby the total memory required for all symbols of the group of languages is minimized.

A property of interface dislocations

Abstract: The singular character of the interface tractions induced by an edge dislocation at the interface between two dissimilar solids is examined.

The relationship of character variability and morphological complexity in copulatory structures of Turbellaria-Macrostomide and Haplopharyngida

Abstract: Withinand between-population variability of shape and dimensions of copulatory stylets has been studied in 7 species of macrostomid and one species of haplopharyngid turbellarian, found in the area of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Both overall shape and size have been found to vary extremely little within and between spatially isolated populations. The coefficient of variability of stylet length range,~ usually between 5 %-10 % even if geographically distant populations of one species are compared. Members of the family Dolichomacrostomidae show generally less variability of stylet length than members of the family Macrostomidae. This difference is suggested to be due to differences in stylet formation. In comparing geographically isolated populations of species with simply shaped stylets versus species with extremely complicated ones, no clear evidence could be found that more complex structures would, as a rule, vary significantly more over space and time than simple ones. This is also emphasized in the comparison of the structurally similar stylets of the different species of the macrostomid genus Paromalostomum and of the Messoplana falcata subspecies group.

Character convergence in bird song

Abstract: The theory of character convergence in bird song has been related to competition and interspecific spacing. Criteria for recognizing character convergence in song are proposed. Work on one widely held example of character convergence in Thryothorus wrens has shown no supporting evidence for the theory. A review of the evidence in a number of other supposed cases of character convergence shows that important documentation is lacking.

Input system for sino-computer

Abstract: An input system for Sino-computer characterized by dividing the Chinese characters into six basic strokes, i.e. horizontal, vertical, dot, dash, clockwise and counterclockwise, and giving each kind of stroke a corresponding designated numerical symbol, thereby, according to the exact stroke writing sequence of any character to give each character a spelling number to represent the character, to facilitate and simplify the input operation.

Variable character spacing matrix for proportional spacing printing systems

Abstract: The aesthetic characteristics of adjacent characters are used to enhance the quality of output in a proportional spacing printer and to provide right margin justification for composing. Spacing between characters is determined on the basis of the character being printed and the preceding character already printed on the page. An intercharacter displacement memory contains a list of ideal spacing for all combinations of characters to be printed. As each character is typed, it and the previously stored preceding character address the intercharacter displacement memory. The output of the intercharacter displacement memory is the ideal value of escapement for this combination of characters and font style. The printer positions the print head prior to printing the next character, rather than positioning the print head after the previous character is printed. Line ending decisions for composing are eliminated during initial and final typing of a document by adding to the intercharacter displacement memory recommendations for altering the ideal spacing between characters, where aesthetically possible, to eliminate the need for line ending hyphenation. During initial keying, escapements for adjacent pairs of characters are totaled in a memory for ideal, shortest (tight), and longest (loose) recommended escapements. The line is automatically terminated within the justification range by a carrier return function based on the escapement totals and the selected right margin. Final playout of the page from memory alters the intercharacter escapements from the ideal values to either longer or shorter escapements depending on whether the line is to be lengthened or shortened.

Character writing system

Abstract: Each Kanji-character is divided into a plurality of part contours constituting the Kanji-character. The part contours of a character are sequentially designated according to the conventional order of writing various parts of the character by an input unit. In an output unit the designated part contours are sequentially printed or otherwise written for completing a character by the combination of one or more part contours. Between the input and output units is provided a processing unit for controlling the relative position and order of the part contours to be written. Space means is also provided to provide spaces between adjacent written characters. According to the system some of the part contours are used in common for synthesizing different Kanji-characters.

Color pattern and alphanumeric character generator for use with raster-scan display devices

Abstract: A color pattern and alphanumeric character generator for use with raster-scanned CRT display devices wherein the color background patterns and the characters are generated in an integrated manner. As a result, the apparatus utilized is considerably simplified and the color pattern display obtainable is more complex and more easily varied than hitherto was possible in an apparatus of this type. The viewing area of the raster-scan CRT is divided into a matrix of character cells. Each character cell is in turn divided into a plurality of color cells, each color cell being a matrix of dot positions on the display area of the CRT. The relationship of the number of color cells in each character cell and the number of dot positions in each color cell is an even integer. A display RAM, addressed by a microprocessor, stores display information therein. The RAM is addressed by the display circuitry during the display cycle. Each address location in the RAM has a plurality of bytes associated therewith which define a particular character cell on the CRT, both as to the color pattern therein and the character therein, if any. This information is used by the color and video network of the raster-scan display to generate the composite character and color pattern signal for each scan line.