Showing papers on "Character (mathematics) published in 1981"

The Out-Group Comparison Method of Character Analysis

Abstract: Watrous, Larry E., and Quentin D. Wheeler (Division of Insects, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605, and Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853) 1981. The out-group comparison method of character analysis. Syst. Zool., 30:1-11.-An operational rule for analyzing character polarity with out-group comparison is presented and a series of observations, including potential problems in applying the rule, are discussed. The "commonality principle" (="frequency of occurrence," "common equals primitive") for determining character polarity is reviewed and dismissed as a reliable alternative to out-group comparison. Based on the rule and observations, a general method for character analysis is synthesized. [Cladistics; character analysis; out-group comparison; polarity.] Although many authors have discussed criteria for distinguishing plesiomorphic (primitive) and apomorphic (derived) character states (see Maslin, 1952; Hennig, 1965, 1966; Kluge and Farris, 1969; Marx and Rabb, 1970, 1972; Lundberg, 1972; Ross, 1974; Munroe, 1974; Ekis, 1977; Crisci and Stuessy, 1980; and references therein), there has been little discussion of the deficiencies of some of these criteria, and in some instances there is considerable misunderstanding of what we consider to be the most reliable criterion, that of out-group comparison. Our goals here are to discuss some problems with one criterion in particular, the so-called "commonality principle" (Eldredge, 1979), and to develop a general method of character analysis based on out-group comparison. Many authors have fully understood out-group comparisons (e.g., Kluge and Farris, 1969; Lundberg, 1972; Ross, 1974), but others have confused the concept with that of commonality. Because out-group comparison can often be invoked where commality is arbitrarily used, and because the resultant hypotheses are subject to rigorous testing, its central position in character analysis is assured. It is because of the importance of out-group comparison and because of its confusion with commonality (e.g., Crisci and Stuessy, 1980), that we attempt to formalize the criterion and synthesize the method. PROBLEMS WITH COMMONALITY From the following quotations, abstracted from a cursory review of some recent literature, it is apparent that the ''commonality principle" for determining in-group character polarity receives wide support in both botanical and zoological circles. At least some authors (Crisci and Stuessy, 1980; Eldredge, 1979) consider this to be the most widely accepted and applied of all criteria. "The character state that consistently appears in many members of each of the taxa being studied is deemed most likely to be primitive for the group of taxa."-H. B. Boudreaux (1979:8). "Criterion of Frequency of Occurrence .... The objective is to determine how extensively a character state is distributed within the taxon under study . . ." -G. Ekis (1977:117). "A primitive state is more likely to be widespread within a group than is any one advanced state."-A. G. Kluge and J. S. Farris (1969:5). "... the relatively more primitive states are likely to be distributed more generally throughout the group under study. . ."-G. Estabrook (1972: 439). "The criterion of common is primitive is not only the oldest, but also the most widely used of all the criteria of primitiveness ... the concept is a good one to employ in most groups."-J. V. Crisci and T. F. Stuessy (1980:119, 130).

The Relative Importance of Characters Affecting Genetic Divergence

Abstract: The method for the identification of the most potent character contributing to divergence used by several workers is faulty. They have mistakenly treated the uncorrelated transformed variables (Yi) as biological characters having one-to-one correspondence with the original characters (Xi). A more rational approach has been given in the present work. It is suggested that the vector derived from the canonical vector corresponding to the largest root of the “between” populations matrix of the uncorrelated transformed variables and the triangular matrix of the transformation involved be used to identify the character contributing the most to the overall divergence. Further confirmation of the results could be made by distributing the components of D2 values in the form of a two-way table, obtaining the column totals over all possible values of D2 and identifying the character with the column giving the largest total.

Dimension and Character Formulas for Lie Supergroups

Abstract: A character formula is derived for Lie supergroups. The basic technique is that of symmetrization and antisymmetrization associated with Young tableaux generalized to supergroups. We rewrite the characters of the ordinary Lie groups U(N), O(N), and Sp(2N) in terms of traces in the fundamental representation. It is then shown that by simply replacing traces with supertraces the characters of certain representations for U(N/M) and OSP(N/2M) are obtained. Dimension formulas are derived by calculating the characters of a special diagonal supergroup element with (+1) and (−1) eigenvalues. Formulas for the eigenvalues of the quadratic Casimir operators are given. As applications, the decomposition of a representation into representations of subgroups is discussed. Examples are given for the Lie supergroup SU(6/4) which has physical applications as a dynamical supersymmetry in nuclei.

On the Conventional Character of Knowledge and Cognition

Abstract: The sociology of knowledge has had a chequered history. At one point, soon after the war, it appeared about to expire completely, and sociologists and epistemologists, concurring in the Pelagian misconceptions of the time, were tempted into premature obsequies. How premature is now all too clearly apparent. Over the last decade the subject has enjoyed a widespread and vigorous revival, so that its continuing existence and significance is no longer in doubt. Its problems are favoured foci for empirical investigation and theoretical analysis. Its practice is at last satisfactorily woven into the overall texture of sociological research. In its current form, the sociology of knowledge is less restrictively conceived than heretofore. It no longer attempts to study the content of cognition without any reference to cognitive processes and the contexts of activity wherein they are situated. Nor does it heed any evaluative distinction betwe.en knowledge and accepted belief. Traditional scruples about addressing what is true, or valid, or rationally justified, have been overcome. Knowledge in general is held to be constitutively social in character, and hence an appropriate subject for sociological enquiry. Indeed, our own natural science is a prominent focus for researchempirical research upon the generation, evaluation and employment of scientific culture, which recognizes no a priori constraints upon the form of its results. Whereas earlier work in the sociology of knowledge was (paradoxically) inspired by the need to account for erroneous or distorted cognition, today the basis of our own routine, ‘rational’ cognitive processes is the predominant concern: we have grown more authentically curious about ourselves.’

The Effects of Sport Experience in the Development of Social Character: An Exploratory Investigation

Abstract: The word “character” has generally lost its currency in the literature on personality and social psychology over the last 20 years. And yet the assumption that sport builds character is still held, at least privately, by a great many people. This investigation was an attempt to reconsider the “character” construct, to isolate its social elements, and to establish its susceptibility in childhood to the influence of organized sport experience. Using prosocial behavior as one manifestation of evolved social character, the influence or organized sport was assessed in a field experiment with children from two elementary schools. Although the general assumption that “sport builds character” was not strongly supported or refuted in this investigation, some evidence, at least with males, showed that prosocial behavior may be inhibited by sport experience. Finally, implications were drawn for facilitating prosocial behavior in children's sports.

Probability density functions for collective coordinates in Ising-like systems

Abstract: This paper describes a study of the behaviour of 'block' coordinates, measuring the spatial average, over a block of side L, of the local scalar ordering coordinates in a system undergoing a continuous phase transition. A general renormalisation group argument suggests that, in the limit in which both L and xi (the correlation length) are large compared with the lattice spacing, the block coordinate probability density function tends to a universal form, Pinfinity dependent on the ratio L/ xi . The function Pinfinity is calculated explicitly for dimension d=1. It is controlled by the statistical mechanics of kinks; intra-cluster ripples (phonons in the structural phase transition context) contribute identifiable corrections to the large L, xi limit. In the critical limit, L/ xi to 0, Pinfinity tends to a fixed point form P* with an extreme order-disorder character. Wilson's recursion formula is used to determine the form of P* m with an extreme order-disorder character. Wilson's recursion formula is used to determine the form of P* for d=3 and d=2; the latter result is substantiated by a calculation based on exactly established properties of the planar Ising model. In d=3Pinfinity is singly-peaked; in d=2 it has a strongly double-peaked character reminiscent of the d=1 system at low temperatures. The results are used to illuminate the nature of short-range order at criticality and the character of the collective excitation spectrum in the critical region, with particular reference to scattering experiments near structural phase transitions.

Method and system for matching encoded characters

Abstract: A means and method for comparing an incoming sequential string of digitally encoded characters from a database stored in a conventional memory against a pattern with an arbitrary number of elements, comprising specified characters or character types (alphabetic, numeric, delimiter, etc.) or tokens to indicate the matching of a specified or arbitrary number of input characters, is disclosed. The system comprises a number of digital machines, sequenced by control words fetched from their memories. The control words may indicate the current input character or character type of interest for each machine, the address of the potential next control word of the machine, a flag indicating the successful completion of a match, and other control fields. If the input character matches the character or type of interest, the machine's next control word will be that specified by the current control word, and optionally the next control word of one or more of the other machines will be forced to an address specified in the current control word. By properly specifying the control words in each machine the input character string can be compared against an arbitrary number of pattern elements, limited only by the ability to map the elements into the control word memories of the available machines.

On Shimura’s Correspondence for Modular Forms of Half-Integral Weight

Abstract: G. Shimura has shown how to attach to each holomorphic cusp form of half-integral weight a modular form of even integral weight. More precisely, suppose f(z) is a cusp form of weight k/2, level N, and character χ.

Character segmentation method

Abstract: This invention relates to a character segmentation method for use with an optical character reader for sequentially reading postal code, state name and city name postal information, and for generating signals which represent character masks of each character. The system then calculates the gap between each mask and determines if it is greater than an average gap value calculated for all the masks. A determination is also made if a substantially smaller mask (representing a punctuation mark) exists between the two masks. These determinations are used to identify and separate the blocks of information. Once the blocks are identified, the block containing the postal code is classified since it necessarily contains five characters and the two remaining blocks (i.e., state and city) are classified since they, having been scanned in sequence, follow the postal code. Once classified, this information is used to facilitate the character recognition process since standard patterns of an alphabetical nature can be selected when the state name and city name are being recognized, and standard patterns of a numerical nature when the postal code is being recognized.

Digital data processing method and means for word classification by pattern analysis

Abstract: Digital data processing means employing a method for separating acceptable spellings of words from nonacceptable spellings wherein each word comprises characters assigned positions. The character positions in each word are assigned increasing values from one end of the word to the other, positions of the same number of characters from the same end of each word being assigned the same value. Two words to be compared are called a query word and a candidate word. The method includes the following steps. A representation of a character in a given position of the query word is compared with representations of characters in the next lower position, the same position, and the next higher position in the candidate word and a compare type indication is formed representing a match or a mismatch between each query word character and the candidate word characters under comparison. The given position of the query word under comparison is changed to the next higher valued position of the query word and the preceding step is repeated to form another compare type indication. The compare type indications are processed to thereby form a spelling classification indication for one of the words under comparison representing an acceptable spelling or a nonacceptable spelling with respect to the other.

Video display terminal having means for altering data words.

Abstract: A video display terminal for use in displaying images of data characters on a display screen. Multibit coded data words are supplied by a data source, such as a memory (14), to a character generator circuit (50) which controls the display of data characters on the face of a video display screen (24). The coded data words generally fall into three categories; to wit, character codes, control codes and attribute codes. Character codes describe the type of character to be presented on the screen. Attribute codes present modifications or special conditions to be used in conjunction with a displayed character. Control codes are used in conjunction with the control circuitry employed by the character generator. A programmable logic array (100) is interposed between the data source and the character generator and the logic array is programmed so as to interpret the various coded words in various ways to provide output coded words having bit patterns which may be the same or different from that which was inputted from the data source. Consequently, the meaning of an inputted data word may be changed, so that for example, a data word representative of a particular control code may be interpreted to mean a particular character, thereby increasing the available codes to describe characters.

I. the Character and Composition of Aristotle's Politics:

Abstract: lF ARISTOTLE’S POLITICS continues to be less studied than might seem appropriate for a work of its unchallenged eminence in the tradition of political theory, of the reason suiely liens m the unresolved tangle of questions bearing on the character and composition of the Politics and of Anstotle’s extant writings Z5 eenetally. It is convenient to imagine that such questions do not fundamentally touch the substance of Arislotle’s and may therefore safely be abandoned to the care of phitologists to begin with, mterpretation of the Politics, as of any woik of political theory, must depend importantly on the interpreters’,, view of the of work it is and the audience for which it was or what one may call the literar-v character of the ork in a broad scr~sce the Politics a fipished book composed with at least oi dmary (and possibly with extraordinary) care? or is it an accretion of notes used by Aristotle as the basis of a course of lectures? Is the Polltlcs a theoretical treatise only to advanced students within Aristotle’s school? 01 is it more 111 the nature of a technical handbook addressed primar~y to less advanced students or to

Method for recognizing a machine encoded character

Abstract: An optical character recognition system and method therefor is disclosed for reading a machine encoded character font, such as the E13B magnetic ink character (MICR) font. The digitized data of an optical scan band of the document to be read is read by an optical scanner and stored in memory. A two pass operation of the digitized data is then performed by the respective algorithms of the system to locate and recognize the characters read.

Printing complex characters

Abstract: There is disclosed an apparatus for and a method of printing complex characters using a high speed bidirectional on-the-fly printer. In accordance with the present method complex characters are printed in at least two steps. Once the first portion of a character has been printed and prior to the printing of the next character the carrier is turned around and again moved past the print position where the remaining portion of the first mentioned character is printed. This approach is termed "double turnaround".

Addressing system for a multiple language character generator

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for addressing a character generator memory containing symbols common to two or more languages in a common area of the character generator memory. Symbols which are special to the particular language being displayed are stored in one of a plurality of special symbol areas of the character generator memory. One of the special symbol areas contiguous with the common area is identified as a default symbol area. The proper special symbol area of the character generator memory is selected by comparing the high order bits of a display character code with compare bits to determine whether a different special symbol area of the character generator memory is to be substituted for the default area contiguous with the common area. If the compare bits indicate that a different special area of the character generator is to be substituted, the high order bits of the display character code are not directly used to address the character generator memory but are replaced by substitution bits to access that special symbol area unique to the language being displayed.

Video character generator

Abstract: Digital apparatus for generating video characters with various kinds of edging is disclosed. The apparatus employs a plurality of digital delay registers which are used to generate a replica of the video information which is delayed by a preselected number of scan lines. The video information together with the delayed signals produced by the delay registers are provided to a pair of shift registers which generate fixed background patterns depending on the kind of edge information which is selected and a character body signal. The background pattern and the character body signal are then combined to produce the final video character output.

Method and apparatus for effecting intermittent securement of a stretched elastic member to a moving web

Abstract: Method and apparatus for continuously attaching an elastic member to discrete portions of a moving web to impart an elasticized character to predetermined portions of the web while preserving the inelastic character of the other portions of the web.

Magnetic character reader with double document detection

Abstract: A multi-gap magnetic character reader is provided with the ability to automatically detect double documents. Where only weak signals are sensed, all signals are combined and compared to a reference. Where the weak signals are due to a piggyback document, the combined signals will be large with respect to the reference. Multiple documents thus detected are directed to a special reject bin.

Multiple font OCR reader

Abstract: A multiple font optical character recognition reader system for capturing character patterns by pixel, quantizing and sequencing the data representing multiple pixels, enhancing the character patterns represented by the data, locating characters within the enhanced data, and recognizing the characters. Data representing individual pixels is quantized into white, gray and black levels. During enhancement, gray pixel data is selectively changed to black or white while some black is changed to white, both operations depending on the white, gray or black levels in adjacent pixels. The enhanced data is scanned for a multiplicity of simultaneous conditions which define when a matrix of the data includes a character pattern which is optimally positioned within the matrix. The data matrix containing the character pattern is then sequentially compared to sets of data individually representing templates of potential characters. When optimal matching and threshold conditions are satisfied, a character is classified as recognized.

On characters of height zero

Abstract: Every irreducible ordinary character in a p -block of a finite metabelian group is of height 0 if and only if the defect group of the p -block is abelian.

NMR‐Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Push‐pull‐Butadienen

Abstract: N.M.R. Spectroscopic Investigations on Push-pull Butadienes 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopic investigations show the preference of s-trans configuration and the push-pull character of the investigated butadienes 1 and 2.

Feature extraction system for digitized character information

Abstract: Disclosed is an extraction method for optical character recognition systems in which the necessary character features for recognition process are extracted from a character information detected and digitized by an optical scanner. In accordance with this method, the local features of every adjacent two rows or columns of a digitized character pattern on a two-dimensional plane are extracted row by row or column by column and are successively integrated so as to extract in a global manner the respective feature types such as concavity and convexity, loop and connectivity of the character pattern. At the same time, the global feature regions or segments are separated and each of the separated feature segments is coded without any loss of the information. The feature quantity of each segment is obtained on the basis of the coded representation. Any local concavity or convexity noises are eliminated simultaneously with the extraction of the global features.