Showing papers on "Character (mathematics) published in 1985"

Character input device in document processing apparatus

Abstract: In a character input device in a document data processing apparatus, when a special-purpose key (12) on a keyboard (11) is operated in a character input device in a document data processing apparatus and when a word, in which at least one starting character of the word designated to be a key word, coincides with at least one sought after character, and is detected as such, by a search circuit (22, 24), from words key-inputted in advance, thereby establishing the coincidence, the corresponding word is stored in a text memory (15) as a newly input word.

The Li'l Abner Syndrome: Written Representations of Speech

Abstract: L INGUISTS, ESPECIALLY SOCIOLINGUISTS, have long been interested in measuring attitudes to spoken language. There is, however, a dearth of studies (outside literary analyses) of reader attitudes towards writing which reports speech. The concern here is with the inaccurate representation of informant status (or reporter's regard or estimate of that status) which arises from the use of misspellings in the WRITING OF SPEAKINGa practice common to linguists, folklorists, sociolinguists, and others who provide written transcripts of spoken language. The use of alternate spellings in the representation of character in creative writing is not treated here.

On the Demazure character formula

Abstract: © Gauthier-Villars (Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier), 1985, tous droits réservés. L’accès aux archives de la revue « Annales scientifiques de l’É.N.S. » (http://www. elsevier.com/locate/ansens) implique l’accord avec les conditions générales d’utilisation (http://www.numdam.org/conditions). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systématique est constitutive d’une infraction pénale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fichier doit contenir la présente mention de copyright.

Schubert varieties and Demazure's character formula

Abstract: In [3] M. Demazure constructed the so-called Bott-Samelson scheme (see also [6]) which gives desingularizations of the Schubert varieties in the flag manifold G/B. Here G denotes a semi-simple algebraic group over a field k and B is a Borel subgroup. He proved that this construction makes it easy to calculate the Chow ring of G/B and when k has characteristic zero he also used it to prove the following

Data compression apparatus and method

Abstract: A preferred embodiment of the invention provides a system for the dynamic encoding of a stream of characters. In a preferred embodiment, the system includes an input for receiving a stream of characters, and an output for providing encoded data. The system also includes a provision for storing, accessing, and updating a table (what I call a "followset" table) for each of a plurality of characters, listing candidates for the character which may follow, in the stream, the character with which the table is associated. The system also includes a provision for furnishing at the output, for a given character in the stream at the input, a signal indicative of the position, occupied by the given character, in the followset character which immediately precedes the given character in the stream at the input. A preferred embodiment of the invention also provides a system for decoding the encoded data, wherein the decoder utilizes a followset table.

Efficient string matching in the presence of errors

Abstract: Consider the string matching problem where differences between characters of the pattern and characters of the text are allowed. Each difference is due to either a mismatch between a character of the text and a character of the pattern or a superfluous character in the text or a superfluous character in the pattern. Given a text of length n, a pattern of length m and an integer k, we present an algorithm for finding all occurrences of the pattern in the text, each with at most k differences. The algorithm runs in O(m2 + k2n) time. Given the same input we also present an algorithm for finding all occurrences of the pattern in the text, each with at most k mismatches (superfluous characters in either the text or the pattern are not allowed). This algorithm runs in O(k(m logm + n)) time.

System and method for segmentation and recognition of patterns

Abstract: Pattern segmentation and recognition in which hand-written characters are transformed electrically into 2-dimensional image patterns, wherein if ambiguity exists in segmenting a unit pattern including a character from the image patterns, character recognition is not made compulsively, but a plurality of possible unit patterns are first established. Then, the various unit patterns are segmented, and each unit pattern is identified to be a partial pattern, linked patterns, etc., so that each character is recognized on a basis of total judgement, whereby ambiguity of segmentation is resolved.

Pattern classification means for use in a pattern recognition system

Abstract: A method for identifying unknown input data, such as patterns or characters. In order to classify unknown input characters, first, during a preprocessing phase, large number of reference data is collected and analyzed in order to form "ringed clusters" for each class of input data. For example, if the input data are characters, a set of ringed clusters is associated with each character class, such as all "e". These ringed clusters may be coarse, medium or fine depending upon the desired accuracy in classifying the input characters. The ringed clusters include "certainty spheres" which are used to identify with certainty an unknown input character if it lies within such a sphere. The ringed clusters also include "confidence spheres" which are used to identify, although not with certainty, the unknown input character, and assign a confidence value indicating the relative confidence associated with the possibility that this unknown character corresponds to the reference data class of the ringed cluster.

Method for designating a recognition mode in a hand-written character/graphic recognizer

Abstract: A hand-written character/graphic is recognized in a character recognition mode or a graphic recognition mode designated in accordance with stroke information supplied from a tablet input device which samples the hand-written character/graphic and converts it to the stroke information. The recognition mode is automatically designated by comparing a longer one of projection lengths on x-axis and y-axis of stroke coordinates with a predetermined threshold for a hand-written character input.

Digital display system with refresh memory for storing character and field attribute data

Abstract: A digital display system includes a refresh store containing character data for display on a raster scan video display device and field attribute data defining attributes of fields of the character data. The character data is stored as character bytes in sequential locations in the store for readout in groups to provide respective rows of displayed characters. The field attribute data comprises attribute bytes interspersed with the character bytes. Character bytes in a group read out following an attribute byte provide displayed characters with an attribute defined by that attribute byte until another attribute byte is accessed in the group. In order to maintain an attribute from one row of displayed characters to the next, the group of character bytes corresponding to the next row requires a copy attribute byte at the start of readout of that group. Instead of being stored with the character bytes, the copy attribute bytes are stored in a separate table in the refresh store, each entry of which contains a copy attribute byte for the start of a corresponding row of displayed characters.

Character and figure processing apparatus

Abstract: A character and figure processing apparatus comprises a coordinates input tablet having a handwriting input area for receiving a handwritten character input and a display, a designating unit for designating the coordinates on the coordinates input tablet, including the handwritten character input, a recognizing unit for recognizing a character input to the area, a display controller for displaying a proposed character with regard to the recognized character on the display area of the display, and a selecting unit for selecting, when the display area displaying the proposed character is designated by the designating unit, the character as the character input to the handwriting input area.

Method and apparatus for generating data for a skeleton pattern of a character and/or a painted pattern of the character

Abstract: Method and apparatus for generating data for a skeleton pattern of a character and/or a painted character pattern are provided. A dot matrix pattern representative of a character pattern is stored in a memory and it is displayed on a display device, positions of a plurality of skeleton points for defining a skeleton line position of each of line segments on the displayed dot matrix pattern are specified on the display screen. Kinds of basic elements for the respective line segments are entered by an operator. Lines connecting the skeleton points of the respective line segments are superimposed on the dot matrix pattern as skeleton lines and they are displayed in a distinguishable form. A character outline pattern corresponding to the skeleton lines or a painted pattern thereof is generated based on the input skeleton point positions and the kinds of line segments. The character outline pattern or the painted pattern thereof is displayed on the display device in a distinguishable form as the superposition of the character dot matrix pattern and the character skeleton line pattern. The positions of the skeleton points to be corrected and positions of new skeleton points to be replaced therewith are indicated on the display screen and the character outline pattern or painted pattern thereof is repeatedly displayed based on the corrected skeleton point positions until a desired character outline pattern or painted pattern thereof is generated. The corrected skeleton point positions and the kinds of corresponding basic elements and/or painted character pattern data generated based upon the corrected skeleton point position are stored in the memory.

Evolutionary divergence and character displacement in two phenotypically-variable, competing species.

Abstract: Theoretical studies of character displacement lead to the view that evolutionary divergence depends primarily on incomplete utilization of available resources. Those models which incorporate constraints preventing complete utilization of resources, even in the absence of competitors, all predict character displacement. Those models which allow greater flexibility of resource use within a species predict correspondingly less divergence. Indeed, Matessi and Jayakar (1980, 1981) based their conditions for occurrence of character displacement on underutilization of resources. I extend a model used by Slatkin (1980, 1983) and Taper and Case (1985) which allows each species to fully utilize its resources in the absence of competitors. I concentrate on the biologically reasonable case in which the species, though similar, differ in their ecological characteristics. As a result of this greater biological realism, I arrive at a different conclusion regarding the conditions which lead to character displacement. The presence of a variety of biological differences between species-including as a subset those which result from resource underutilization-leads to divergence with respect to a quantitatively inherited character, due to interspecific competitive interactions. The resulting displacement can be large and depends little on the parameters chosen. The only exception, involving a character with very low heritability, occurs when the non-interactive phenotypic differences are much greater than those associated with studies of character displacement in natural populations. Thus, under conditions comparable to those encountered in the field, involving similar yet not identical species, evolutionary divergence is a consequence of interspecific competition.

Pen-type character recognition apparatus

Abstract: A pen-type character recognition apparatus includes an input data detecting section for detecting input character data as data representing a certain character according to a change in pressure applied to a tip element of a pen. A data processing section standardizes the output data from the input data detecting section by compressing the output data to a predetermined number of data for the character, so as to generate corresponding standardized data. A data registering section registers in advance selected standardized data as standard pattern data for corresponding to the predetermined input character data when a character is written with the pen tip element, and an input character recognizing section recognizes the character represented by the input character data by comparing the standardized data generated from the data processing section with the data registered in advance in the data registering section.

Character recognition method

Abstract: A character recognition method comprising the steps of (1) acquiring a two dimensional array of pixels, (2) locating a character, (3) determining the size of the character, (4) reducing the number of pixels associated with the character by scaling it down to a smaller dot matrix and (5) thresholding the matrix dots using a histogram to form a binary character representation.

Plato and the Education of Character

Abstract: In this article I propose to examine Plato's concept of education from a standpoint that is psychological (rather than, for instance, ethical, political or epistemological). I wish to discuss Plato's thinking about the education of character; and I have chosen to do so by studying the Republic, since this text seems to me most illustrative of Plato's thought on this topic. What exactly do I mean in speaking of the education of character? The word 'character' and the closely related term 'personality', are not exact, technical terms, but they convey two general ideas. One is the idea that a person is not simply a collection of isolated psychological functions (such as perceptions, thoughts, intentions, feelings), but constitutes some kind of cohesive unity. The other is the idea that this psychological unit has, in each case, some distinctive individuality, making one person significantly different from another. An interest in the education of character signifies, then, an interest in the development of character, or personality, in one of these two senses. Plato, along with most ancient theorists, shows relatively little interest in the concept of psychological individuality. His educational programme in

Feature extraction technique for use in a pattern recognition system

Abstract: A method is provided for forming feature vectors representing the pixels contained in a pattern desired to be recognized, and reference patterns. One part of the feature vector is representative of the pixels contained in the pattern itself, while not requiring a very large feature vector which exactly defines each pixel of the pattern. One embodiment of this invention provides that another part of the feature vector, consisting of one or more bytes of the feature vector, defines the aspect ratio of the pattern. In one embodiment, each byte of the feature vector representing the pixels contained in the character represents the relative ratio of black pixels to total pixels in a specific area of the character; other functions relating input matrix and output feature vector information can be used. In one embodiment of this invention, those areas of the character which are defined by the feature vector together cover the entire character, providing a feature vector describing what might loosely be thought as a "blurred" version of the pattern.