Showing papers on "Character (mathematics) published in 1991"

Membrane keyboard and method of using same

Abstract: A membrane keyboard (10, 110) producing audible (94, 187) and tactile (80, 182) responses when individual character keys are depressed. To facilitate typing efficiency, the keyboard has membrane characters keys with different transverse heights and adjustable sensory responses (84, 184).

System and method for automatically selecting among a plurality of input modes

Abstract: A continuous input system allows a system operator to continuously input a plurality of polysemous icon symbols to access stored morphemes, words, phrases, or sentences corresponding to an icon sequence. The system, with automatic mode selection for the input system, containing a plurality of character and symbol keys, allows for automatically selecting of the icon mode, a character or word prediction mode, and even a subsequent suffix mode, to allow a user to enter morphemes, words, phrases, or sentences sequentially. Further, by utilizing the character and word prediction modes, including the suffix mode, words, phrases or sentences corresponding to non-accessible icon sequences can be automatically activated without having to manually switch out of the icon mode or select the character and word prediction mode. Such automatic icon, word prediction, character and suffix mode selecting, thereby allows continuous text or speech generation with a minimal number of input key activations necessary for a system operator.

A Community of Character

Abstract: INTRODUCTION 2 The goal of this element is to identify the unique physical and social aspects of Lynnwood while 3 establishing goals and policies that support, preserve and protect existing single-family neighborhoods 4 and enhance the community. RCW 36.70A.080 allows jurisdictions planning under the Growth 5 Management Act to prepare and adopt optional elements. The City of Lynnwood, the City, has chosen to 6 include a Community Character Element in recognition of the importance of identifying Lynnwood as a 7 unique regional center in the Puget Sound. The contents of this Element are grouped under the following

The archaeology of language origins–a review

Abstract: Language is a feature to distinguish the ‘human’ from the ‘animal’ that has seemed a more enduring diagnostic character than some. But how is the breath of words to be made visible in the stony traces of the Pleistocene?

Character recognition device which divides a single character region into subregions to obtain a character code

Abstract: A character recognition device has a subdivider, a features calculator and a character code recognition device. Image data for a single character area is extracted from scanned character image data and input to the subdivider. This subdivider divides the image data for the single character area into subregions. The features calculator calculates quantified features in each subregion based on a degree of resemblance between a template and image data in the subregions. When the features of each subregion are calculated for all subregions constituting the single character area, a character code corresponding to the scanned character image data is recognized by the character code recognition device based on the quantified features of each of all subregions.

Noise tolerant optical character recognition system

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of optical character recognition that first segments a graphical page image into word images. The method obtains a set of features by extracting smaller outlines of the dark regions in the word images, and then further dissecting each of the smaller outlines into small sections called micro-features. Micro-features are simply sections of character outlines, therefore, they can easily be extracted from the outlines of an entire word without any knowledge about character segmentation boundaries. Micro-features are extracted from an outline by finding the local extremities of the outline and then defining a micro-feature between each pair of sequential extremities. Once extracted, the micro-features are compared to micro-features from an ideal character in order to classify a character, and convert it into a character code.

Ergonomic keyboard apparatus and method of using same

Abstract: A keyboard arrangement with a pair of angularly disposed, spaced apart groups of character keys (314, 316) dedicated for operating use respectively by the left hand and the right hand of a user. A space bar key (159) is operable by either thumb of the user and bridges between the two groups of character keys. The rows of keys in each group are staggered, and each key bears character indicia disposed at an angle to the transverse direction of its group of keys.

Character string retrieving system and method

Abstract: A compact character string retrieving system capable of producing correctly the result of matching without omission even upon occurrence of multiple matching in which a plurality of search terms are matched for one character string by a finite automation. A destination state for transition brought about by a trailing character of the search term is newly created instead of an initial state. A transition table storage stores the destination state. On the basis of the source state number and a specified pattern character code, the destination state number is read out from the state transition table storage. When the state number read out represents the destination state of the transition brought about by the trailing character of the specified pattern character string, an identifier thereof is outputted. The identifiers of the search terms matched are each represented by one bit information, and a group of corresponding flags is stored in one slot. Multiple matching can be performed without omission. The character string retrieving system is implemented in a reduced size.

Center line magnetic ink character recognition system

Abstract: A system and method for recognizing magnetic ink character records (MICR) by establishing a centerline between the first and last peaks of a scanned magnetic-electrical read out, which centerline is used to establish the location of the major peaks. Then the peak magnitudes and peak locations are compared with those same parameters in predetermined template characters and scored according to error deviation. Algorithmic circuitry will find the lowest scored template and recognize the scanned character as the character identified with the lowest scoring template.

Character and Ideology in the Book of Esther

Abstract: At the 2001 meeting of the Association for Jewish Studies, Michael Fox described this book as his only "Jewish" commentary. Now reprinted by a Christian publisher, in 1991 it was the only commentary on Esther written by a Jew for a general audience. (It has since been joined by Jon Levenson's commentary in the Old Testament Library series.) He ends his introduction with the remark that the book does not address the most urgent and vital aspect of the meaning of the Scroll, "its existential bearing on the individual reader" (p. 11). For his own part, he feels the anxiety of the Jews of Persia and shares their exhilaration at their deliverance. "Except that i do not think 'their,' but 'my'" (p. 11). The book performs the remarkable and necessary feat of remaining skeptical about the historicity of the Esther story while taking its thoughts about the threat of genocide against the Jews with utmost seriousness. (Fox's excursus dealing with feminist readings of the book finds them "indifferent to the severity of the crisis that stands at the story's heart: the mortal danger to the Jewish people" [p. 208].) The major question of the book, "How can Jews best survive and thrive in the diaspora?" (p. 4), is still a question today. Esther's liturgical role in the celebration of Purim is an excuse for most of us not to think seriously about the book. Fox's approach is quite different; for him, Xerxes' combination of "petty impulses and mental sloth" (p. 175) is Hannah Arendt's "banality of evil." Disciplines Biblical Studies | Jewish Studies This review is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/jewishstudies_papers/19 138 SHOFAR Summer 2003 Vol. 21, No. 4 critical analysis demonstrates the important role played by the phrase mah zô't 'āšitā in several of these stories (pp. 41-42). As a result, this book raises a variety of interesting and important issues, whether one is convinced by all of its conclusions or not. It is a thorough, if somewhat wooden study that will reward careful attention. Frederick E. Greenspahn Department of Religious Studies University of Denver Character and Ideology in the Book of Esther, by Michael V. Fox. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmanns, 2001. 333 pp. $26.00. At the 2001 meeting of the Association for Jewish Studies, Michael Fox described this book as his only "Jewish" commentary. Now reprinted by a Christian publisher, in 1 99 1 it was the only commentary on Esther written by a Jew for a general audience. (It has since been joined by Jon Levenson's commentary in the Old Testament Library series.) He ends his introduction with the remark that the book does not address the most urgent and vital aspect of the meaning of the Scroll, "its existential bearing on the individual reader" (p. 11). For his own part, he feels the anxiety of the Jews of Persia and shares their exhilaration at their deliverance. "Except that I do not think 'their,' but 'my'" (p. 11). The book performs the remarkable and necessary feat of remaining skeptical about the historicity of the Esther story while taking its thoughts about the threat of genocide against the Jews with utmost seriousness. (Fox's excursus dealing with feminist readings of the book finds them "indifferent to the severity of the crisis that stands at the story's heart: the mortal danger to the Jewish people" [p. 208].) The major question of the book, "How can Jews best survive and thrive in the diaspora?" (p. 4), is still a question today. Esther's liturgical role in the celebration of Purim is an excuse for most of us not to think seriously about the book. Fox's approach is quite different; for him, Xerxes' combination of "petty impulses and mental sloth" (p. 175) is Hannah Arendt's "banality of evil." As he did with Ecclesiastes in Qohelet and His Contradictions , Fox here embeds a commentary into a larger work of analysis. A brief introductory chapter is followed by a "chapter" of commentary. The rest of the book then takes up in detail subjects which would be treated briefly in sections of the introduction in a more standard format. There are chapters on the historicity of the book, its genre and literary structure, its characters, its social world, and the literary history of the "three books of Esther" (MT, LXX, and an early layer of the Greek "Alpha Text" which Fox believes predates MT or at least is independent of it; this discussion is given more fully in his 1990 Redaction of the Books of Esther). An appendix offers philological and textual notes to the general This content downloaded from 165.123.108.74 on Wed, 05 Jul 2017 15:16:50 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Correctness and efficiency of pattern matching algorithms

Abstract: A few lines pattern matching algorithm is obtained by using the correctness proof of programs as a tool to the design of efficient algorithms. The new algorithm is obtained from a brute force algorithm by three refinement steps. The first step leads to the algorithm of Knuth, Morris, and Pratt that performs 2n character comparisons in the worst case and (1 + α)n comparisons in the average case (0

Identification and characterization of somatic rice chromosomes by imaging methods.

Abstract: Somatic rice chromosomes from 30 spreads were analyzed by imaging methods. Morphological characters of each of the 12 rice chromosomes were obtained both by the imaging methods and by visual inspection. The numerical data of relative length, arm ratio, and condensation pattern (CP) were statistically analyzed. The descriptive morphological information obtained was also summarized into numbers of "key characters" or essential short sentences to characterize the traits. The fitness probability or the appearing frequencies of the key character for each of the 30 chromosomes was calculated. Altogether, 118 key characters were extracted to distinguish each rice chromosome. Furthermore, several "discriminants" or critical key characters were determined among the key characters, and a discrimination chart or flowchart to identify all the rice chromosomes was constructed using the discriminants.

In search of homoplastic tendencies: statistical inference of topological patterns in homoplasy.

Abstract: The "tendency" for homoplasy to appear in closely related taxa has been widely discussed but rarely quantified. This paper proposes statistical tests that examine the topological distribution of homoplasy within characters in phylogenies. They test whether character changes are localized (confined to some subtree), or clustered (occur in proximity to each other), relative to two null models of character evolution. Null Model I assumes that the observed number of character changes are dispersed randomly among the internodes of the tree, whereas Model II weights the probability that an internode contains a change by the length of that internode-estimated by the total number of character changes along that internode. Localization is measured by the largest furthest-neighbor distance between changes, clustering by the mean nearest neighbor distance. Distances are measured either by the number of intervening branches or the number of intervening character changes. Analyses of four cladistic data sets from the literature reveal very few characters that exhibit significant levels of clustering or localization-no more than would be expected by chance. In every data set a majority of characters exhibited at least weak tendencies, but in only one data set was there a significant excess of such characters. The present findings do not provide compelling evidence for the existence of "tendencies" in homoplasy, at least among characters used to reconstruct phylogenies. They should be sought elsewhere, in cladistic analyses of larger scope, probably among a class of characters defined a priori on a structural or functional basis.

Rotationally impervious feature extraction for optical character recognition

Abstract: A feature-based optical character recognition system, employing a feature-based recognition device such as a neural network or an absolute distance measure device, extracts a set of features from segmented character images in a document, at least some of the extracted features being at least nearly impervious to rotation or skew of the document image, so as to enhance the reliability of the system. One rotationally invariant feature extracted by the system is the number of intercepts between boundary transitions in the image with at least a selected one of a plurality of radii centered at the centroid of the character in the image.

Sorting out the variables in sociolinguistic theory

Abstract: T HE RELATIONSHIP AMONG INFLUENCING FACTORS in variation studies is not a well-agreed-upon matter. Perhaps the sharpest contrast may be found in the views of Labov and Bickerton: "the social situation is the most powerful determinant of verbal behavior" (Labov 1972a, 212); "even if outputs are socially coded, the grammar that generates them must be ... purely linguistic in its nature" (Bickerton 1975, 185). This psycholinguistic puzzle for sociolinguistics may be summarized as follows. (1) Variability arises when "social" situations activate realizations or even frequencies of realizations of alternate items from a single underlying grammar. (2) Variability arises when "social" situations activate different underlying grammars, however minimally different those grammars may be. This paper suggests that linguistic features have a primacy in variation studies and that that primacy is revealed in a number of variable rule (VARBRUL) analyses of data. Rapid linguistic change or forms which take on special societal symbolism may seem to contradict that primacy, but their special character will be shown to fit a model which ranks variation due to linguistic factors above that due to status, and variation due to status above that due to style. The ordered relationship between style and status is already formalized in Bell's STYLE AXIOM: '"Variation on the style dimension within the speech of a single speaker derives from and echoes the variation which exists between speakers on the "social" dimension" (1984, 151). Bell justifies this proposal by showing that in a large number of sociolinguistic surveys the range of variability along the dimension associated with style is always smaller than that along the dimension associated with social status. Although it is not an example he uses, figure 1 shows this relationship.

Video display apparatus and external storage device used therein

Abstract: A video display apparatus includes a video data generator which generates video data of a still picture and a moving picture (graphic data) on the basis of still picture pattern, still picture character code, moving picture character code and etc. programmed in an external storage unit in advance. A microprocessor applies, in accordance with priority data for the still picture and the moving picture and mode data both programmed in the external storage unit in advance, first priority data to the video data of the still picture character and second priority data to the video data of the moving picture character, respectively. A priority encoder selects a still picture character or a moving picture character having the highest priority on the basis of the first and second priority data, and applies the number of that character to a decoder. The decoder outputs a gate control signal in accordance with the number. In response to the gate control signal, the video data of the character having the highest priority among the respective still picture character and the moving picture character is outputted from a gate.

Three Conceptions of Ethics for Teacher Educators

Abstract: Applied ethics courses in education emphasize an analytical or rules/principles ap proach to resolving ethical dilemmas. Two other fruitful approaches, character/struc ture and background beliefs/i...

Large character degrees of groups of odd order

Abstract: (See p. 447 of [4].) He shows in Theorem B of [4] that IG:F(G)I < b(G)13/2 holds for a solvable group G. Here we prove his conjecture with the additional assumption that GI is odd. As a corollary, we show that if G is a (solvable) group of odd order, then G has an abelian subgroup A such that IG:AI _< b(G)6. This improves (for groups of odd order) the bound [G:AI < b(G)21/2 obtained in Theorem C of [4]. Our method consists of obtaining a regular orbit theorem for groups of odd order acting on vector spaces of odd characteristic (see Lemma 2.1 below). As Gluck points out, this method cannot be used for even order solvable groups (see 19. 447 of [4]). Our regular orbit theorem may be also used to prove a conjecture due to Huppert in some cases. Let G be a finite solvable group and, for a natural number n, let r(n) denote the set of prime divisors of n. For a group H, we write 7r(H)for r(lH[). Define

Image processing method and apparatus

Abstract: An image processing apparatus comprises: two table memories; a producing circuit for executing a process according to a kind of each character image and for producing contents in the table memories; a character memory to store the image as an object to be recognized; a feature extractor for adding the data in the table memories and for executing a character feature extracting process after normalization of the character image by the bit data in the character memory corresponding to the addition result; a memory to store data indicating to which one of binary values of 1 and 0 the character image portion belongs; and a circuit for inverting the image data from the character memory to the feature extractor by the stored data and for outputting The apparatus receives image data of characters of various type styles and outputting directions and can convert into the normalized image data such as to be easily processed