Showing papers on "Character (mathematics) published in 1997"

The essence of ALGOL

Abstract: Although Algol 60 has been uniquely influential in programming language design, its descendants have been significantly different than their prototype. In this paper, we enumerate the principles that we believe embody the essence of Algol, describe a model that satisfies these principles, and illustrate this model with a language that, while more uniform and general, retains the character of Algol.

Adapting simulated behaviors for new characters

Abstract: This paper describes an algorithm for automatically adapting existing simulated behaviors to new characters. Animating a new character is difficult because a control system tuned for one character will not, in general, work on a character with different limb lengths, masses, or moments of inertia. The algorithm presented here adapts the control system to a new character in two stages. First, the control system parameters are scaled based on the sizes, masses, and moments of inertia of the new and the original characters. Then a subset of the parameters is fine-tuned using a search process based on simulated annealing. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, we animate the running motion of a woman, child, and imaginary character by modifying the control system for a man. We also animate the bicycling motion of a second imaginary character by modifying the control system for a man. We evaluate the results of this approach by comparing the motion of the simulated human runners with video of an actual child and with data for men, women, and children in the literature. In addition to adapting a control system for a new model, this approach can also be used to adapt the control system in an on-line fashion to produce a physically realistic metamorphosis from the original to the new model while the morphing character is performing the behavior. We demonstrate this on-line adaptation with a morph from a man to a woman over a period of twenty seconds. CR Categories: I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three Dimensional Graphics and Realism: Animation—; G.1.6 [Numerical Analysis]: Optimization—; I.3.5 [Computer Graphics]: Computational Geometry and Object Modeling—Physically-Based Modeling

Portable data collection device having optical character recognition

Abstract: A portable data collection device providing for optical character recognition. A housing defines an internal region and includes a user handle that allows a user to position the housing relative to an indicia carrying target. An imaging assembly includes a two dimensional imaging array supported within the internal region of the housing. The imaging assembly includes a capture circuit that generates a video signal representative of an image of a target zone. An optics assembly supported by the housing focuses an image of the target area onto the photosensor array. A character recognition processing circuit receives the video signal and categorizes the indicia on the target into a set of predefined characters. The character recognition processing circuit includes a discriminator for identifying a text region of the target and identifying individual character regions within the text region and a categorizer for identifying a character from a set of possible characters for an individual character region. The categorizer performs one or more tests based on pixel data within the individual character region.

Method and apparatus for recognizing hand-written characters using a weighting dictionary

Abstract: A method of recognizing handwritten characters. A recognition dictionary is prepared including a plurality of characters and corresponding character clusters. A weighting dictionary is prepared including weighting clusters and corresponding object characters. All segmentation position candidates are selected by segmenting handwritten character ink data. Each of the position candidates is separated in a direction corresponding to a direction in which the handwritten character ink data is inputted from a leading position of the ink data and satisfying a predetermined condition. A character candidate is selected corresponding to each segment of the ink data segmented at the segmentation position candidates by referring to the recognition dictionary and calculating a distance value between each of the segments of the ink data and a selected one of the character clusters. The weighting dictionary is referred to and the distance value calculated for one of the character candidates is weighted if one of the weighting clusters included in the weighting dictionary is similar to any one of the segments of the ink data segmented at the segmentation position candidates and if the object character of the one weighting cluster coincides with the one of the character candidates. A rank of the character candidates is determined in accordance with the weighted distance values thereof.

Sharing and organizing world wide web references using distinctive characters

Abstract: The present invention is directed to sharing and organizing world wide web pages using a number of distinctive characters, each having an interest. In a preferred embodiment, each distinctive character is initialized by associating with it one or more web pages that collectively characterize the interest of the character. After initialization, each web page viewed by the user is assessed for each of the distinctive characters. The assessment process involves, for a single distinctive character, determining whether the web page viewed by the user exhibits at least a threshold level of similarity to web pages already associated with the distinctive character. The assessment process further involves associating the viewed web page with the distinctive character if the viewed web page exhibits at least a threshold level of similarity to the web pages already associated with the distinctive character. As a result, after the user has viewed a number of web pages, the viewed web pages that characterize each distinctive character's interest are associated with that distinctive character.

Women in Business

Abstract: Basically, women's individual economic activity is directed toward providing for their families and has the character of "additional income." Women work on private garden plots. The sphere of their activity includes small street vending and preserving food for household use.

Method and apparatus for image based document processing

Abstract: The present invention provides a document processing apparatus, document processing method and a storage medium for storing thereof on purpose to offer document filing in which document can be registered with a little computation cost and with high speed, and retrieval can be performed with little oversight. In the document processing apparatus, a similar character classifying element classifies characters in a document image into similar character categories in advance and stores the classified categories together with their representative image features. When the document image is registered, a pseudo character recognizing element executes, without identifying each character in the text region, classification into character categories based on the image features less than those used in the ordinary character recognition and stores the category strings generated by identifying each character with the inputted image. In retrieval, a retrieval executing element converts each character in the retrieval keyword into nearest category, and retrieves a document including the converted category string as a part as a result of retrieval.

Programmable computer graphic objects

Abstract: A method for producing an animation sequence on a graphic display driven by a computer, including defining an object that includes a geometrical description of an animated character and characteristics of social behavior of the character and animating an image of the character responsive to the characteristics. The character is programmed with a predetermined response, such as a rule governing motion of the character, to a sensitivity condition occurring externally to the object. The geometrical description of the object includes a geometrical skeleton characterized by a hierarchy of sub-objects connected by joints, the rule governing motion defines motions of the joints.

Method and apparatus for character recognition of handwritten input

Abstract: A method and apparatus for recognition of handwritten input is disclosed where handwritten input composed of a sequence of (x, y, pen) points, is preprocessed into a sequence of strokes. A short list of candidate characters that are likely matches for the handwritten input is determined by finding a fast matching distance between the input sequence of strokes and a sequence of strokes representing each candidate character of a large character set where the sequence of strokes for each candidate character is derived from statistical analysis of empirical data. A the final sorted list of candidate characters which are likely matches for the handwritten input is determined by finding a detailed matching distance between the input sequence of strokes and the sequence of strokes for each candidate character of the short list. A final selectable list of candidate characters is presented to a user.

System and method for directed improvisation by computer controlled characters

Abstract: A system and method for directing the improvisational behavior of a computer-controlled character which enables the character to reflect personality, mood, and other life-like qualities. The method includes the step of storing in the system a set of possible behaviors for the character and state data representative of a current state of the character. The possible behaviors include both physical and verbal behaviors. The current state includes the character's current mood, directional state, activity state, and location in a virtual world. The method also includes the step of identifying from the set of possible behaviors a subset of feasible behaviors for the character in the current state. Each of the feasible behaviors is evaluated to determine a respective desirability rating of the feasible behavior in the current state. The method further includes the step of selecting a behavior to be executed by the character from the subset of feasible behaviors. The behavior to be executed is selected in dependence upon its desirability rating.

Information search method, information search device, and storage medium for storing an information search program

Abstract: A system and a method for searching does not rely on prior compiled vocabulary information or grammatical information to perform a search. The search may accommodate new words or phrases, and perform a document search using a request of a user for document search. A unique character string is extracted from an input document and a similarity search is performed by using the unique character string. The extraction of the unique character string is performed by calculating and evaluating an amount of feature of a character string through comparison between appearance frequency appearing in the input document and appearance frequency in a set of documents to be searched. Then, the extracted unique character string is used as the basis for the search. Documents found by the search are evaluated and arranged in the order of evaluation. The similarity factor of document is evaluated by using the appearance frequency of each unique character string in the input document so that higher evaluation is provided to a document in which unique character strings with higher weight appears many times.

Handwritten word recognition with character and inter-character neural networks

Abstract: An off-line handwritten word recognition system is described. Images of handwritten words are matched to lexicons of candidate strings. A word image is segmented into primitives. The best match between sequences of unions of primitives and a lexicon string is found using dynamic programming. Neural networks assign match scores between characters and segments. Two particularly unique features are that neural networks assign confidence that pairs of segments are compatible with character confidence assignments and that this confidence is integrated into the dynamic programming. Experimental results are provided on data from the U.S. Postal Service.

Method and system for intelligent text entry on a numeric keypad

Abstract: A method and system for intelligent text entry on a keypad. First, a user selects a key on a keypad. Then, an application predicts which character of those corresponding to that key is intended by the user. The predicted character is then presented to the user for confirmation. If the user confirms the selection, the character is stored. If the user rejects the character, the application presents a new character to the user until a character is finally confirmed. It is only when the predicted character is not the intended character that the user is required to iterate through character choices.

Acting in Character

Abstract: In this context, it is not the personality of the actor that interests us, but the personality of the character he or she portrays. Thus, when we say that an actor is “in character,” we mean that the actor is behaving in accordance with a personality created by an author, shaped by a director, and assumed by an audience, for purposes of a particular performance. A good actor creates and communicates a consistent and compelling personality throughout a performance of a given role and creates different personalities for different roles.

Tapetum character states: analytical keys for tapetum types and activities

Abstract: The different types of tapetum found in the spermatophyta are described, along with associated characters. The characters (taken singly, pairwise, or in multiple combinations) are (i) tapetum types...

Virtuous Markets: The Market as School of the Virtues

Abstract: In a commercial society, said Adam Smith, “every man becomes in some measure a merchant.” If Smith is right, what does that mean for the character of the society? This paper addresses the character forming effects of the market—and, specifically its impact on the “virtues.” There is a long tradition of viewing commerce as subversive of the virtues. In this view, the market is held to have legitimated the pursuit of narrow self-interest at the expense of social and civic obligations and moral restraints. But, as Albert Hirschman has shown, many Enlightenment moralists saw commercial society as a moralizing force. Which view is right? This paper examines how many of the character traits that we commonly call virtues are rewarded—and so presumably reinforced and diffused—by the market. In this way, the market (as it were by a hidden hand) strengthens its own foundations and reproduces a moral culture that is functional to its own needs.

Transformed ratio type estimators for the population mean in the presence of nonresponse

Abstract: In this paper we have proposed two transformed ratio type estimators for the populaion mean in presence of non-response. The proporties of these estimators are studied in the case of a Unite population and also through the superpopulation model Approach.

Image and data display method and apparatus

Abstract: An image and data display method includes the steps of: determining a display condition (18) having display and non-display of relative data on the basis of a previously determined user identifier and utilization condition (17); displaying a picture and a character string indicative of contents of a least one relative data determined to be able to be displayed in the previous step on the basis of the display condition together with the image during display of a specific scene; displaying, when at least one of pictures and character strings is selected, relative data corresponding to the selected picture and character string on the basis of the display condition; and displaying, when a command for displaying a list is inputted, a list of picture and character strings displayed until now and, when at least one in the list is selected, displaying relative data corresponding to the selected picture and character string on the basis of the display condition.

Apparatus and method for OCR character and confidence determination using multiple OCR devices

Abstract: In an optical character recognition (OCR) system an improved method and apparatus for recognizing the character and producing an indication of the confidence with which the character has been recognized. The system employs a plurality of different OCR devices each of which outputs a indicated (or recognized) character along with the individual devices own determination of how confident it is in the indication. The OCR system uses that data output from each of the different OCR devices along with other attributes of the indicated character such as the relative accuracy of the particular OCR device indicating the character to choose the select character recognized by the system and to produce a combined confidence indication of how confident the system is in its recognition.

System and method for substituting an animated character when a remote control physical character is unavailable

Abstract: An educational computer system includes a computer, a display device, a remote control character, and a wireless modem for communication between the computer and the remote control character. The remote control character can move and speak in response to signals from the computer, thereby allowing the remote control character to interact with the user and with characters displayed on the display device. When a program is run, the computer determines whether the remote control character is available. If it is not, the computer substitutes an animated character that is displayed on the display device. The computer periodically checks for the remote control characters while displaying the animated character. If the remote control character becomes available, the animated character is discontinued and the computer begins sending voice and movement information to the remote control character. Similarly, if the remote control character becomes unavailable while the program is running, the program will automatically revert to the animated character and the program will continue.

Character and/or character-string retrieving method and storage medium for use for this method

Abstract: A character and/or character-string retrieving method with retrieves a plurality of patterns at a time by using a single deterministic finite automaton prepared from a plurality of different patterns. There is also a method for optimizing the number of states for the above-mentioned retrieving method, and a storage medium having records of programs and data necessary for executing the above-mentioned character and/or character-string retrieving and a state number optimizing method. A plurality of regular expressions r1, r2, . . . , rn to be simultaneously retrieved by pattern matching are prepared, and then augmented to form an augmented regular expression ((r1)#1,)|((r2)#2)| . . . ((rn)#n). A deterministic finite automaton is constructed so that it treats states including positions corresponding to #1, #2, . . . , n, thereby simultaneously retrieving a plurality of regular expression patterns by distinguishing matches from one another.

Vagaries in the delimitation of character states in quantitative variation--an experimental study.

Abstract: An experimental study on the delimitation of character states in continuous variation indicates that (1) the way data are presented influences the assignment of character states and (2) states in the same data set are delimited in various ways by different individuals. Forty-nine individuals were given a set of graphs denoting variation of 10 characters in the genus Kalmia (Ericaceae) and outgroups, all identification having been removed from the graphs. The variation was represented in one of three ways: as 95% confidence intervals on a linear scale, as 95% confidence intervals on a log10 scale, or with bars showing SD x 2 on a linear scale. No two individuals scored a set of graphs in the same way, and only one character in one representation was scored identically by all individuals; the scoring for this character was completely different when the ordinate was changed from linear to logarithmic. Together, the 49 individuals delimited states within each character between 9 and 16 different ways. In general, variation represented by 2 X SD bars elicited the largest numbers of different scorings, yet with a relatively low number of states; the complexity of the patterns in the graphs in this representation was greatest. Expert knowledge appears to be of dubious value in delimiting states in such variation, and if such characters are to be used in phylogenetic analyses, states could be delimited by people who know nothing of the details of the study being scored; in any case, presentation of data and an explicit protocol to follow when delimiting states are essential. In converting data of this type into char- acter states, psychological factors are particularly likely to come into play. Other implications of our experiments include the severe underdetermination of some phylogenetic hypotheses by ob- servation and the heterogeneous nature of morphological data. (Character states; cognition; con- tinuous variation; homology; observer variation; similarity.)

The Relationship between Cartoon Trade Character Recognition and Attitude toward Product Category in Young Children

Abstract: The author reviews and tests the effect of cartoon trade characters on product recognition and attitude on a sample of children three to six years of age. High levels of product and trade character...

Characters of irreducibleG-modules and cohomology ofG/P for the lie supergroupG=Q(N)

Abstract: We prove a character formula for any finite-dimensional irreducible representationV of the “queer” Lie superalgebra g=q(n). It expresses chV in terms of the multiplicities of the irreducible g-subquotients of the cohomology groups of certain dominant g-bundles on the Π-symmetric projective spaces (i.e., on the homogeneous superspacesG/P whose reduced space is a projective space, whereG=Q(n)). We also establish recurrent relations for the above multiplicities, and this enables us to compute explicitly chV for any givenV. This provides a complete solution to the Kac character problem for the Lie superalgebraq(n). Finally, we consider the particular cases ofq(2), q(3), andq(4) in which we compare the new character formula with the generic character formula of [12].