Showing papers on "Character (mathematics) published in 1998"

Cladistics: The Theory and Practice of Parsimony Analysis

Abstract: Preface Ch. 1 - Introduction to cladistic concepts Ch. 2 - Characters and character coding Ch. 3 - Cladogram construction, character polarity, and rooting Ch. 4 - Optimization and the effects of missing values Ch. 5 - Measures of character fit and character weighting Ch. 6 - Support and confidence statistics for cladograms and groups Ch. 7 - Consensus trees Ch. 8 - Simultaneous and partitioned analysis Ch. 9 - Three-item statements analysis References Glossary Appendix: Computer programs

Reconstructing ancestral character states: a critical reappraisal

Abstract: Using parsimony to reconstruct ancestral character states on a phylogenetic tree has become a popular method for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses. Despite its popularity, the assumptions and uncertainties of reconstructing the ancestral states of a single character have received less attention than the much less challenging endeavor of reconstructing phylogenetic trees from many characters. Recent research suggests that parsimony reconstructions are often sensitive to violations of the almost universal assumption of equal probabilities of gains and losses. In addition, maximum likelihood has been developed as an alternative to parsimony reconstruction, and has also revealed a surprising amount of uncertainty in ancestral reconstructions.

Method and apparatus for implementing a graphical user interface keyboard and a text buffer on electronic devices

Abstract: A method and apparatus for implementing a graphical user interface keyboard (10) and a text buffer (12) on an electronic device. A character that is active upon pointer-up is accepted as a text character, even though the character that is active upon pointer-up is different from a character that was active and inserted in the text buffer (12) upon pointer-down.

Building Character in Schools: Practical Ways to Bring Moral Instruction to Life

Abstract: Young people in America today face a crisis of character. Traditional role models continue to disappoint the public, falling short of expectations and fostering cynicism rather than idealism. As a result, many young people struggle to distinguish right from wrong and seem indifferent to whether it matters. It clearly becomes the task of parents and schools to re-engage the hearts and minds of our children in forming their own characters. In Building Character in Schools, Kevin Ryan and Karen Bohlin draw from nearly fifty years of combined field experience to offer a practical guide to character education -- designed to help children to know the good, love the good, and do the good. Ryan and Bohlin provide a blueprint for educators who wish to translate a personal commitment to character education into a schoolwide vision and effort. They outline the principles and strategies of effective character education and explain what schools must do to teach students the habits and dispositions that lead to responsible adulthood -- from developing curriculum that reinforces good character development to strengthening links with parents. A useful resource section includes sample lessons, program guidelines, and a parents' list of ways to promote character in their children. Building Character in Schools clearly defines the responsibilities of adults and students in modeling and nurturing character and sets forth practical guidelines for schools seeking to become communities of virtue where responsibility, hard work, honesty, and kindness are modeled, taught, expected, celebrated, and continually practiced.

Character formulas for tilting modules over Kac-Moody algebras

Abstract: We show how to express the characters of tilting modules in a (possibly parabolic) category O over a Kac-Moody algebra in terms of the characters of simple highest weight modules. This settles, in lots of cases, Conjecture 7.2 of Kazhdan-Lusztig-Polynome and eine Kombinatorik für Kipp-Moduln, Representation Theory (An electronic Journal of the AMS) (1997), by the author, describing the character of tilting modules for quantum groups at roots

What size test set gives good error rate estimates

Abstract: We address the problem of determining what size test set guarantees statistically significant results in a character recognition task, as a function of the expected error rate. We provide a statistical analysis showing that if, for example, the expected character error rate is around 1 percent, then, with a test set of at least 10,000 statistically independent handwritten characters (which could be obtained by taking 100 characters from each of 100 different writers), we guarantee, with 95 percent confidence, that: (1) the expected value of the character error rate is not worse than 1.25 E, where E is the empirical character error rate of the best recognizer, calculated on the test set; and (2) a difference of 0.3 E between the error rates of two recognizers is significant. We developed this framework with character recognition applications in mind, but it applies as well to speech recognition and to other pattern recognition problems.

Player activated matching jackpot device

Abstract: A player activated matching jackpot device having a stop button for receiving signals from individual player during game play. The jackpot device is also provided with a plurality of character displays and a plurality of character lamps visibly arranged on the jackpot device, each character lamp corresponding to a character display. During game play the character lamps activate and deactivate one at a time in a predetermined pattern until the player presses the stop button, indicating a character corresponding to an illuminated character display. The jackpot device may also include reel devices, having a corresponding reel band to display each one of said characters sequentially. Each of the reel devices display a selected character in response to signals received from the stop button. Another reel device may also be added to randomly spin to an object character at start, middle, or end of game play and award points to the player who matches this character. The jackpot device advantageously includes a microprocessor that is configured to control and operate different components of the system. The combination of game characters selected by the player during game play corresponds to a value such that an award, such as a number of tickets or coins, is dispensed when a predetermined value or values is achieved. Various lights, scoring indicators and sounds may be added to the attraction and excitement of the game.

Handwritten character recognition using multi-resolution models

Abstract: A storage medium ( 72 ) having stored thereon a set of instructions, which when loaded into a microprocessor ( 74 ), causes the microprocessor ( 74 ) to extract strokes from a plurality of characters ( 76 ), derive a pre-defined number of stroke models based on the strokes extracted from the plurality of character ( 78 ) and represent the plurality of characters as sequences of stroke models ( 80 ).

Physical character and fluid-flow properties of sandstone-derived fault zones

Abstract: Abstract Evaluation of hydrocarbon entrapment and production patterns in faulted sandstone reservoirs requires understanding of the nature and fluid-flow properties of sandstone-derived fault zones. This study documents the interrelationships between sandstone composition, deformation mechanisms, fault-zone character, and fluid-flow properties (permeability and capillary properties) using a global sandstone dataset. Quartz-rich sandstones deform by cataclasis (most commonly), diffusive mass transfer, or a combination of these processes to form deformation bands. The fluid-flow properties of these zones depend on deformation mechanism(s). Faulting of mineralogically immature sandstones results in the formation of clay-matrix gouge zones by a combination of processes, including cataclasis, intergranular sliding in clay-rich materials, and diffusive mass transfer. Clay-matrix gouge zones generally have lower permeabilities and higher capillary displacement pressures than deformation bands. Most deformation bands have capillary properties sufficient to maintain hydrocarbon column-height differences of less than 75m across them, whereas clay-matrix gouge zones can potentially seal hydrocarbon columns with heights of several hundred metres. Both low-permeability deformation bands and clay-matrix gouge zones are likely to influence production patterns, although the magnitude of these effects will depend on the spatial distribution and abundance of faults and the permeabilities of the fault zones and undeformed sandstone.

American Economics: The Character of the Transformation

Abstract: the special HOPE conference on the subject of our volume held at Duke University in April 1997 and on the subsequent comments of conference participants in their capacity as referees for the essays submitted for the volume. Unfortunately, we were unable to include all the conference papers in this volume, but we thank all the participants for their help and apologize if we have unwittingly quoted them without acknowledgment. We thank the HOPE editors for their invitation to edit this special issue and the HOPE office for their help and advice during the conference and in the preparation of this volume. We thank the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation for its generous support of the conference. American Economics: The Character of the Transformation

Method and apparatus for discovery, clustering and classification of patterns in 1-dimensional event streams

Abstract: The present invention groups character sequences by identifying a sequence of characters. A set of internal repeats in said sequence of characters is identified by a pattern discovery technique. For at least one internal repeat belonging to the set of internal repeats, it is determined if the internal repeat corresponds to a group of character sequences; If so, first data that identifies the sequence of characters and second data that associates the sequence of characters with the group of character sequences is stored in persistent memory. The pattern discovery mechanism discovers patterns in a sequence of characters in two phases. In a sampling phase, preferably proper templates corresponding to the sequence of characters are generated. Patterns are then generated corresponding to the templates and stored in memory. In a convolution phase, the patterns stored in memory are combined to identify a set of maximal patterns.

On the cyclic homology of ringed spaces and schemes.

Abstract: We prove that the cyclic homology of a scheme with an ample line bundle coincides with the cyclic homology of its category of algebraic vector bundles. As a byproduct of the proof, we obtain a new construction of the Chern character of a perfect complex on a ringed space.

Rich character set entry from a small numeric keypad

Abstract: A processor is connected to a display screen to generate a screen display of individual characters in groups together with the selector indication. Such characters typically belong in a language set, e.g., English, Japanese, Greek, etc. The processor receives from the numeric keypad a user selection of a number "1-9" that is associated with a particular one of the individual characters in a group highlighted by the selector indication. An index-and-fetch mechanism, typically implemented as a computer program sub-routine, provides for an indexed fetch of a digital data representation in a font memory of a character indexed according to the number "1-9". The fetched digital data is then available for more general use by a larger computer system, for example in the form of an "ASCII" output character.

The character of logic in India

Abstract: The character of logic in India / , The character of logic in India / , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)

Systems and methods for communicating through computer animated images

Abstract: The current method and system generates an animation sequence for a live character during communication. In response to a performer's voice and other inputs, the animation sequence of the character is generated on a real-time basis and approximates human speech. The animated character is capable of expressing certain predetermined states of mind such as happy, angry and surprised. In addition, the animated character is also capable of approximating natural movements associated with speech.

The genetic basis of developmental stability. V. Inter- and intra-individual character variation

Abstract: Examination of levels of inter- and intra-individual variation for a number of characters across 11 invertebrate species revealed a significant concordance of character coefficients of variation among samples within a species, suggesting that some characters are consistently more (or less) variable than others. In addition a significant positive correlation between character CV and asymmetry values was observed, suggesting that the underlying genetic mechanisms responsible for buffering character development against both external and internal environmental variation are either the same or inter-related. These results are discussed in relation to associations between character variation and individual fitness.

A Probabilistic Character Layout Strategy for Mobile Text Entry.

Abstract: We present a text entry strategy designed for small, input-limited devices in mobile situations. In a existing text entry interaction style, arrow keys move a cursor around the character set, displayed on a 3 or 4 line liquid crystal display, and a select key outputs the highlighted character to the display. The Fluctuating Optimal Character Layout (FOCL) strategy aims to improve entry rates with this interaction technique. After each character c entered, the layout is rearranged so that the most likely next characters are closer to the cursor. Each new layout is optimal with respect to c, given digram (letter-pair) probabilities in common English. FOCL significantly reduces kspc--the average number of keystrokes per character--, a non-empirical measure that partly accounts for text entry speed. However, it also requires the user to locate each character in an unfamiliar layout, thus adding visual search time to the task. In a longitudinal experiment comparing the fluctuating layout approach to a fixed QWERTY layout, we found no significant difference in entry speeds. We discuss our design rationale and various modifications to the design that may yield a performance improvement. Nous présentons une méthode d’inscription de texte creé pour des appareils à entrée limitée dans des situations mobiles. Dans un style d’interaction existant, les flèches du clavier déplacent le pointeur entre les lettres, et une touche de selection permet d’éclairer la lettre qui se trouve sous le pointeur. Le but de notre méthode, stratégie de disposition optimale, variable des lettres (FOCL), est d’améliorer la vitesse d’inscription de caractères avec cette technique d’interaction. À chaque fois qu’une lettre est sélectionnée la disposition des lettres change de façon à ce que les plus vraisemblables À suivre celle choisie se retrouvent le plus près que possible du pointeur. Chaque nouvelle disposition est optimisée en fonction des probabilités d’occurrence des digraphes (deux lettres) en Anglais commun. La méthode FOCL réduit le kspc-la moyenne du nombre de touches pour chaque lettre inscrite--, une mesure non-empirique qui rend compte partialement de la vitesse d’inscription. Mais elle éxige de l’utilisateur de trouver chaque caractère dans une disposition peu familière, ce qui cause donc une perte de temps pour faire la recherche visuelle. Une éxperience longitudinale comparant notre méthode avec une disposition QWERTY fixe, n’a pas montrée de différence significative entre les vitesses d’inscription de caractères. Nous discutons notre raisonnement de dessein ainsi que les modifications qui pourraient produire une amélioration en performance.

Identifying language and character set of data representing text

Abstract: The present invention provides a facility for identifying the unknown language of text represented by a series of data values in accordance with a character set that associates character glyphs with particular data values. The facility first generates a characterization that characterizes the series of data values in terms of the occurrence of particular data values on the series of data values. For each of a plurality of languages, the facility then retrieves a model that models the language in terms of the statistical occurrence of particular data values in representative samples of text in that language. The facility then compares the retrieved models to the generated characterization of the series of data values, and identifies as the distinguished language the language whose model compares most favorably to the generated characterization of the series of data values.

Utilizing the contents of a message

Abstract: The scope of the present invention is a device and a method for the utilizing of information contained in a character-based message in a device having several different applications. In the method a character-based message is received, and the message is displayed to the user. The user is allowed to point out a position in the message, whereby a certain character combination is searched for in the message in the proximity of the position pointed out by the user. Upon finding the character combination, the usability, in one of the applications of said applications, of the character combination found in the message is recognized, and based upon the recognition a command is generated for activating said application and for using the information contained in said character combination found in the message in said application.

Animate Characters

Abstract: The world of everyday interactions is filled with characters, real or fictitious, and human knowledge of how to make these interactions satisfying and productive relies upon an understanding of character. As agents become more intelligent and more ubiquitous, we may naturally ask how we can endow them with life and personality to make them easier and more gratifying to use. This paper offers a broad definition of “animate character,” and examines the technical and artistic issues involved both in the creation and the evaluation of such systems. We provide example interactions with several character types. The paper concludes with an annotated bibliographic survey of work done in this area.

Video game apparatus, method and medium readable by a computer stored with video game program

Abstract: A game executing unit 31 instructs a player character's image data generating unit 32 to display a display position of a player character. A background's image data generating unit 37 generates background's image data for displaying a background's image of a game space consisting of a floor and walls as a bird's-eye view. A player character's position specifying unit 34 checks whether the display position of the player character is hidden behind the wall or the floor in the background's image of the game space. An image synthesizing unit 38 synthesizes the image data of the player character with the background image of the game space. When the player character position specifying unit 34 determines that the display position of the player character is hidden behind the wall or the floor, the image synthesizing unit 38 modifies the image data so that the wall or the floor concealing the player character is made semitransparent and the rear thereof is displayed.

Compression method, method for compressing entry word index data for a dictionary, and machine translation system

Abstract: A n-gram statistical analysis is employed to acquire frequently appearing character strings of n characters or more, and individual character strings having n characters or more are replaced by character translation codes of 1 byte each. The correlation between the original character strings having n characters and the character translation codes is registered in a character translation code table. Assume that a character string of three characters, i.e., a character string of three bytes, “sta,” is registered as 1-byte code “e5” and that a character string of four characters, i.e., a character string of four bytes, “tion,” is registered as 1-byte code “f1.” Then, the word “station,” which consists of a character string of seven characters, i.e., seven bytes, is represented by the 2-byte code “e5 f1,” so that this contributes to a compression of five bytes.

Rigid-body character of the SO4 groups in celestine, anglesite and barite

Abstract: The crystal srucnres of natural celestine (Srt.m)S04, anglesite @be.eSre.er)SO+, and barite (Bao.geSro.or)SOa have been refined in space group Pbnm lu{lizing rotating anode, Iv[o X-ray diffraction data from single crystals. Unit-cell parameten for celestine are a 6.8671(7), b 8.3545(8), and c 5.3458(6) A, for anglesite, a 6.9549(9), b 8.472(l), and c 5.3973(8) A, and for baite, a 7.154(l), b 8.879Q), and c 5.454(1) A. Strucnral data are presented for these sulfates with geatly improved precision over previous studies owing to high peak+o-background intensity ratios and precise analytical absorption corrections. The final model R(F) values are 0.025, 0.041, and 0.019, for celestine, anglesite, and barite, respectively. The average bond-distance from divalent cation to the nearest twelve oxygen atoms is 2.827(l) A in celestine, 2.864(5) A in anglesite, and 2.951(2) A in barite. Theavera9e sulfur-to-oxygen bond distance is 1.475(2) Ancelestine, 1.476(6) A in anglesite, arndl.476(2) Anbarite. The sulfate tetrahe&a in each structwe show very similar distortions that are attributed to the bonding of the various oxygen atoms to the divalent cations, which is similal in each structure. Thus, the different metal cations do not seem to a.ffect the size or shape of the sulfate tetrahe&a. An analysis of the displacement parameters suggests that the SOa groups behave as rigid molecular units, with an apparent shortening of the S-O bonds of 0.008-O.010 A.

Method and apparatus for securing passwords and personal identification numbers

Abstract: A method for securing passwords and personal identification numbers utilizes a mastercode. At least ten characters are selected for the mastercode. The selected characters are randomly associated to a corresponding digit, wherein the association defines the mastercode. A numeric sequence is translated into a corresponding character sequence using the mastercode. The corresponding character sequence is expanded into an ordinary word. An apparatus for implementing the method is also described. For enhanced security the mastercode can be embedded within a mastergrid camouflaging the mastercode.

Image and voice communication system and videophone transfer method

Abstract: An image and voice communication system of the present invention has an image display element and a voice output element which are suitable for image and voice communication, and further includes a character image setting element capable of imaginatively setting a character image to be displayed on the image display element; a change command receive element for receiving from a communication mate a command signal for changing the character image; a character change element for changing the character image according to the command signal; and an element for causing the display element to display a character image changed by the character change element by supplying the changed character image to the display element.

Existence of (q,6,1) Difference Families with q a Prime Power

Abstract: The existence of a (q,k,1) difference family in GF(q) has been completely solved for k=3, 4, 5. For k=6 fundamental results have been given by Wilson. In this article, we continue the investigation and show that the necessary condition for the existence of a(q,6,1) difference family in GF(q), i.e. q\equiv 1 (mod 30) is also sufficient with one exception of q=61. The method of this paper is to lower Wilson‘s bound by using Weil‘s theorem on character sums to exploit Wilson‘s sufficient conditions for the existence of (q,6,1) difference families. The remaining gap is closed by computer searches.

Physically unacceptable viscous stresses

Abstract: Very simple arguments are used to show that some mathematically attractive viscous stresses, which prevent the formation of shocks and give a parabolic character to the equations of motion for continua in which they appear, are physically unacceptable because their material responses are affected by rigid motion.