scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Character (mathematics) published in 2006"


Journal Article
TL;DR: Many of the blockbuster products and services that have redefined the global business landscape tie together two distinct groups of users in a network as discussed by the authors, and the distinct character of these two-sided network businesses demands a new approach to strategy.
Abstract: Many of the blockbuster products and services that have redefined the global business landscape tie together two distinct groups of users in a network. Credit cards link consumers and merchants; search engines connect Web users with advertisers. The distinct character of these two-sided network businesses demands a new approach to strategy.

747 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, parents' written descriptions (average length = 211 words) of children between the ages of 3 and 9 years were collected on a password-protected website (n = 680).
Abstract: Parents’ written descriptions (average length = 211 words) of children between the ages of 3 and 9 years were collected on a password-protected website (n = 680). The presence of the 24 character strengths in the VIA Classification and the level of child’s happiness were coded with content analysis. Descriptions were rich in character language (average strengths mentioned per description = 3.09), and coding was reliable. Consistent with previous research with youth and adults, the character strengths of love, zest, and hope were associated with happiness; gratitude was associated with happiness among older children. The early development of character strengths and possible ways of fostering them are discussed.

270 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Studying of biased diversification and biased character change need to be unified by joint models and estimation methods, although how successfully the two processes can be teased apart remains to be seen.
Abstract: Studies of character evolution often assume that a phylogeny's shape is determined independently of the characters, which then evolve as mere passengers along the tree's branches. However, if the characters help shape the tree, but this is not considered, biased inferences can result. Simulations of asymmetrical speciation (i.e., one character state conferring a higher rate of speciation than another) result in data that are interpreted to show a higher rate of change toward the diversification-enhancing state, even though the rates to and from this state were in fact equal. Conversely, simulations of asymmetrical character change yield data that could be misinterpreted as showing asymmetrical rates of speciation. Studies of biased diversification and biased character change need to be unified by joint models and estimation methods, although how successfully the two processes can be teased apart remains to be seen.

191 citations



Patent
16 Jun 2006
TL;DR: In this article, a data entry system for processing ambiguous data is presented, which includes unambiguous keys and ambiguous keys (14207, 14208) and ambiguous entries (14203).
Abstract: A data entry system, for processing ambiguous data, as shown in Figure 18 includes unambiguous keys (14207, 14208) and ambiguous keys (14203). The system predicts words from the ambiguous entry. If the predicted word is not desired, an unambiguous entry replaces a character in the word with the desired character. A second prediction is made based on the unambiguous entry.

179 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Character refers to qualities within individuals that lead them to desire and to pursue the good as discussed by the authors, and is defined as "the ability of an individual to desire, desire, and pursue good".
Abstract: Character refers to qualities within individuals that lead them to desire and to pursue the good. We propose that strengths of character are a neglected but critically important resource for organizations. Character matters because it leads people to do the right thing, and the right thing can be productive and profitable. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

178 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, business ethics courses can help improve students' ethics by teaching them about character, as opposed to just principles, which creates difficulties in the application of which creating difficulties.
Abstract: Business ethics courses can help improve our students' ethics by teaching them about character, as opposed to just principles, the application of which creates difficulties. In particular, we can h...

177 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Kirillov-Reshetikhin conjecture for all untwisted quantum affine algebras was shown to solve the T-system problem.
Abstract: We prove the Kirillov-Reshetikhin conjecture for all untwisted quantum affine algebras : we prove that the character of Kirillov-Reshetikhin modules solve the Q-system and we give an explicit formula for the character of their tensor products. In the proof we show that the Kirillov-Reshetikhin modules are special in the sense of monomials and that their q-characters solve the T-system (functional relations appearing in the study of solvable lattice models). Moreover we prove that the T-system can be written in the form of an exact sequence. For simply-laced cases, these results were proved by Nakajima with geometric arguments which are not available in general. The proof we use is different and purely algebraic, and so can be extended uniformly to non simply-laced cases.

165 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Despite the clear national interest in character education, many schools are leery of engaging in supplementary initiatives that, although worthy, might detract from what they see as their primary focus: increasing academic achievement.
Abstract: Despite the clear national interest in character education, many schools are leery of engaging in supplementary initiatives that, although worthy, might detract from what they see as their primary focus: increasing academic achievement. Moreover, many schools lack the resources to create new curricular initiatives. Yet the enhancement of student character is a bipartisan mandate that derives from the very Character and Academics: What Good Schools Do

160 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For characters of odd, bounded order, Montgomery and Vaughan as mentioned in this paper showed that the Polya-Vinogradov inequality may be sharpened assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis.
Abstract: In 1918 Polya and Vinogradov gave an upper bound for the maximal size of character sums, which still remains the best known general estimate. One of the main results of this paper provides a substantial improvement of the Polya-Vinogradov bound for characters of odd, bounded order. In 1977 Montgomery and Vaughan showed how the Polya-Vinogradov inequality may be sharpened assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis. We give a simple proof of their estimate and provide an improvement for characters of odd, bounded order. The paper also gives characterizations of the characters for which the maximal character sum is large, and it finds a hidden structure among these characters

152 citations


01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: The emphasis is demonstrating how the planning system improved the process of developing character behaviors for F.E.A.R.R as a case study, using F.A* to plan sequences of actions as well as to plan paths.
Abstract: If the audience of GDC was polled to list the most common A.I. techniques applied to games, undoubtedly the top two answers would be A* and Finite State Machines (FSMs). Nearly every game that exhibits any A.I. at all uses some form of an FSM to control character behavior, and A* to plan paths. F.E.A.R. uses these techniques too, but in unconventional ways. The FSM for characters in F.E.A.R. has only three states, and we use A* to plan sequences of actions as well as to plan paths. This paper focuses on applying planning in practice, using F.E.A.R. as a case study. The emphasis is demonstrating how the planning system improved the process of developing character behaviors for F.E.A.R.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a discussion of character formulas for positive energy, unitary irreducible representations of the conformal group is given, employing Verma modules and Weyl group reflections.
Abstract: A discussion of character formulas for positive energy, unitary irreducible representations of the conformal group is given, employing Verma modules and Weyl group reflections. Product formulas for various conformal group representations are found. These include generalizations of those found by Flato and Fronsdal for SO(3,2). In even dimensions the products for free representations split into two types depending on whether the dimension is divisible by four or not.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Character Psychology and Character Education as mentioned in this paper provides new perspectives on the nature of character and moral education by utilizing insights from the disciplines of moral psychology, moral philosophy, and education by drawing from personality and developmental research as well as educational and ethical theory.
Abstract: This collection of essays provides new perspectives on the nature of character and moral education by utilizing insights from the disciplines of moral psychology, moral philosophy, and education. The volume draws from personality and developmental research as well as educational and ethical theory. Character Psychology and Character Education distinguishes itself by bringing moral philosophers, who believe that ethical reflection about virtue and character must be tied to defensible notions of personality and selfhood, into dialogue with academic psychologists, who believe that the developmental study of the moral self requires adequate grounding in various psychological literatures. The first group embraces a "naturalized" ethics, while the second group favors a "psychologized" morality. Among the topics explored in this volume are the constructs of moral selfhood, personality, and identity, as well as defensible models of character education. One of the primary arguments of the volume is that problems of character education cannot be addressed until an adequate model of character psychology is developed. In addition to the excellent theoretical essays, this collection includes applied chapters that consider the challenge of character education in the context of schools, families, and organized sports. This book will be an invaluable resource both for scholars and practitioners in the fields of psychology and education.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, positive character strengths, virtues, and values are touted in military doctrine as critical for effective leadership, yet little evidence exists describing such traits in military samples as discussed by the authors...
Abstract: Positive character strengths, virtues, and values are touted in military doctrine as critical for effective leadership, yet little evidence exists describing such traits in military samples. This s...

Patent
08 Jun 2006
TL;DR: In this article, a method for interrelating character strings so that incomplete input character strings can be completed by a selection of a presented character string involves computing contextual associations between multiple character strings based upon co-occurrence of character strings relative to each other in documents present in the character entry system, in response to inputting of a specified threshold of individual characters.
Abstract: A method, performed in a character entry system, for interrelating character strings so that incomplete input character strings can be completed by a selection of a presented character string involves computing contextual associations between multiple character strings based upon co-occurrence of character strings relative to each other in documents present in the character entry system, in response to inputting of a specified threshold of individual characters, identifying at least one selectable character string from among the computed contextual associations that can compete the incomplete input character string in context; and providing the identified at least one selectable character string to a user for selection.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors provides insights into what character is and what it looks like in sports, and reviews some of the literature and research on whether sports does build character, concluding that sports does not build character.
Abstract: Participation in sports continues to be a major part of our society. Individuals participate in sports for health and fitness reasons, but also for "other" reasons; such as character building and socialization. Whether sports builds character is an ongoing debate. This paper adds to the discussion by providing insights into what character is and what it looks like in sports, and reviews some of the literature and research on whether sports does build character.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In economics, economic man is a central character: "economic man" as discussed by the authors, and we are all familiar with various episodes in the history of this character, and we appreciate his ever-changing aspect.
Abstract: Economics revolves around a central character: “economic man.” As historians, we are all familiar with various episodes in the history of this character, and we appreciate his ever-changing aspect ...


Posted Content
TL;DR: The authors generalize the character formulas for multiplicities of irreducible constituents from group theory to semigroup theory using Rota's theory of M\"obius inversion.
Abstract: We generalize the character formulas for multiplicities of irreducible constituents from group theory to semigroup theory using Rota's theory of M\"obius inversion. The technique works for a large class of semigroups including: inverse semigroups, semigroups with commuting idempotents, idempotent semigroups and semigroups with basic algebras. Using these tools we are able to give a complete description of the spectra of random walks on finite semigroups admitting a faithful representation by upper triangular matrices over the complex numbers. These include the random walks on chambers of hyperplane arrangements studied by Bidigare, Hanlon, Rockmere, Brown and Diaconis. Applications are also given to decomposing tensor powers and exterior products of rook matrix representations of inverse semigroups, generalizing and simplifying earlier results of Solomon for the rook monoid.

Book
17 Mar 2006
TL;DR: In this article, Badaracco argues that serious fiction provides us with memorable characters facing compelling challenges similar to those that confront business leaders, and proposes exploring them through the lens of literature through rich analysis of the main characters in The Death of a Salesman, The Secret Sharer, and The Last Tycoon.
Abstract: The hardest tests for leaders challenge their character as much as their skills, and a growing body of research shows that the self-knowledge gained from such tests is critical to leaders' success. In Questions of Character, Joseph L. Badaracco outlines eight fundamental challenges that test a leader's character, and proposes exploring them through the lens of literature. Badaracco argues that serious fiction provides us with memorable characters facing compelling challenges similar to those that confront business leaders. Through rich analysis of the main characters in The Death of a Salesman, The Secret Sharer, The Last Tycoon, and other stories, Badaracco addresses complex issues leaders face, such as the soundness of their vision, their readiness to take on responsibility, the depth of their compassion, and their ability to manage success. Presenting classic leadership dilemmas in a novel and valuable light, Questions of Character helps leaders and aspiring leaders prepare for the opportunities and tests before them.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the asymptotics of reducible representations of the symmetric groups Sq for large q and showed that the character of a randomly chosen component and the shape of a Young diagram are Gaussian.
Abstract: We study asymptotics of reducible representations of the symmetric groups Sq for large q. We decompose such a representation as a sum of irreducible components (or, alternatively, Young diagrams) and we ask what is the character of a randomly chosen component (or, what is the shape of a randomly chosen Young diagram). Our main result is that for a large class of representations the fluctuations of characters (and fluctuations of the shape of the Young diagrams) are asymptotically Gaussian; in this way we generalize Kerov's central limit theorem. The considered class consists of representations for which the characters almost factorize and this class includes, for example, the left-regular representation (Plancherel measure), irreducible representations and tensor representations. This class is also closed under induction, restriction, outer product and tensor product of representations. Our main tool in the proof is the method of genus expansion, well known from the random matrix theory.

Journal ArticleDOI
A. Biem1
TL;DR: An HMM-based, character and word-level MCE training aimed at minimizing the character or word error rate while enabling flexibility in writing style through the use of multiple allographs per character is described.
Abstract: This paper describes an application of the minimum classification error (MCE) criterion to the problem of recognizing online unconstrained-style characters and words. We describe an HMM-based, character and word-level MCE training aimed at minimizing the character or word error rate while enabling flexibility in writing style through the use of multiple allographs per character. Experiments on a writer-independent character recognition task covering alpha-numerical characters and keyboard symbols show that the MCE criterion achieves more than 30 percent character error rate reduction compared to the baseline maximum likelihood-based system. Word recognition results, on vocabularies of 5k to 10k, show that MCE training achieves around 17 percent word error rate reduction when compared to the baseline maximum likelihood system

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the impact of voters' evaluations of the candidates' character on their vote choice in the 2000 presidential election and found that the substantive significance of character evaluations disproportionately affected George W. Bush.
Abstract: This article examines the impact that voters' evaluations of the candidates' character had on their vote choice in the 2000 presi? dential election. We find that while the magnitude of the impact of char? acter on the vote was roughly equal for both major party candidates, contrary to common perception, the substantive significance of character evaluations disproportionately affected George W. Bush. Our results indicate the need to account for the influence of character in other elec? tions, given that character issues are a recurring theme in American presidential campaigns.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Andre et al. studied super-characters of the unitriangular group and proved that every irreducible (complex) character occurs as a constituent of a unique super-character.

Book
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: This chapter discusses character formation and the making of good Physicians, and character formation in Professional Education and the Medical-Social Educational Compact & the Medical Learner.
Abstract: Introduction Character Formation and the Making of Good Physicians The Ethical Concept of Medicine as a Profession: Its Origins in Modern Medical Ethics and Implications for Physicians Character formation in Professional Education: A Word of Caution Evidence-based Character Development Disillusioned Doctors Molding Professional Character Mindful Practice and the Tacit Ethics of the Moment Learning and Teaching in Professional Character Development The Medical-Social Educational Compact & the Medical Learner Searching for Doctor Good: Virtues for the Twenty First Century

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For any additive character ψ and multiplicative character χ on a finite field F q, and rational functions f, g in F q (x ), the authors showed that the elementary stepanov-Schmidt method can be used to obtain the corresponding Weil bound for the sum ∑ x ∈ F q ⧹ S χ ( g ( x ) ) ψ ( f ( x ), where S is the set of the poles of f and g.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the boundedness character of positive solutions of the difference equation and proved that if, then every solution of the equation is bounded, and if and k is even, then there exist positive unbounded solutions.
Abstract: This paper studies the boundedness character of the positive solutions of the difference equation. where with . We prove that if , then every solution of the equation is bounded, and if and k is even, then there exist positive unbounded solutions. For the case and k odd, we consider the related equation and show that every integer solution is eventually periodic.

Patent
Amlan Kundu1, Linda Van Guilder1, Tom Hines1, Ben Huyck1, Jon Phillips1 
29 Nov 2006
TL;DR: In this article, an over-segmentation-relabeling algorithm was used to identify diacritics or small segments of a handwritten character. But, the over segmentation was not applied to the main body of the character.
Abstract: A cursive character handwriting recognition system includes image processing means for processing an image of a handwritten word of one or more characters and classification means for determining an optimal string of one or more characters as composing the imaged word. The processing means segments the characters such that each character is made up of one or more segments and determines a sequence of the segments using an over-segmentation-relabeling algorithm. The system also includes feature extraction means for deriving a feature vector to represent feature information of one segment or a combination of several consecutive segments. The over-segmentation-relabeling algorithm places certain segments considered as diacritics or small segments so as to immediately precede or follow a segment of the associated main character body. Additionally, the system also includes classification means that processes each string of segments and outputs a number of optimal strings which could be matched against a given lexicon.