Chemical binding

About: Chemical binding is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1822 publications have been published within this topic receiving 52516 citations.

Selectively Desirable Rapeseed and Corn Stalks Distinctive for Low-Cost Bioethanol Production and High-Active Biosorbents

Abstract: Crop straws provide large amounts of biomass resource for biofuels, but it remains to explore cost-effective lignocellulose process technology with additional valuable bioproducts. Using total eight rapeseed and corn stalks with distinct lignocellulose composition, this study initially performed mild alkali pretreatment (1% NaOH, 50 °C) for enzymatic hydrolysis and yeast fermentation to release bioethanol yields varied from 5 to 12% (% dry matter). By comparison, four corn stalks consistently showed more ethanol yields than those of the rapeseeds, but relatively higher sugar-ethanol conversion rates were examined in the rapeseed samples. Of all stalk samples, both genetic corn mutant (CY04) and classic rapeseed cultivar (Bn18) were respectively assessed as the desired lignocellulose residues for relatively high bioethanol production. Then, all remained solid residues of yeast fermentation were employed as biosorbents for Cd adsorption under various incubation conditions (pH, temperature, time, Cd concentration, biosorbent dose). In general, the solid residues exhibited much higher Cd adsorption capacities and removal rates than those of the raw stalks. In particular, two desirable rapeseed residues were of the highest Cd adsorption capacities, compared to the corn residues examined in this study or other major agricultural crop straws as previously reported. Furthermore, the solid residues were characterized as typical biosorbents via a classic chemical binding manner with much large surface areas accountable for their high Cd adsorption capacity. Therefore, this study has demonstrated a green-like strategy for low-cost cellulosic ethanol production and high-active biosorbents by selecting desired corn and rapeseed stalks.

A physical model for atoms and nuclei—part 1

Abstract: A physical geometrical packing model for the structure of the atom is developed based on the physical toroidal ring model of elementary particles proposed by Bergman.(1) From the physical characteristics of real electrons from experiments by Compton (2,3,4) this work derives, using combinatorial geometry, the number of electrons that will pack into the various physical shells about the nucleus in agreement with the observed structure of the Periodic Table of the Elements. The constraints used in the combinatorial geometry derivation are based upon Joseph's simple but fundamental ring dipole magnet experiments and spherical symmetry. From a magnetic basis the model explains the physical origin of the valence electrons for chemical binding and the reason why the periodic table has only seven periods. The same geometrical packing model is extended to describe the physical geometrical packing of protons and neutrons in the physical shells of the nucleus. It accurately predicts the nuclear "magic numbers" indicative of nuclear shell structure as well as suggesting the physical origin of the nuclide spin and the liquid- drop features of nuclides.

Fiber optic detector and method for using same for detecting chemical species

Abstract: An optical sensing device for uranyl and other substances, a method for making an optical sensing device and a method for chemically binding uranyl and other indicators to glass, quartz, cellulose and similar substrates. The indicator, such as arsenazo III, is immobilized on the substrate using a chemical binding process. The immobilized arsenazo III causes uranyl from a fluid sample to bind irreversibly to the substrate at its active sites, thus causing absorption of a portion of light transmitted through the substrate. Determination of the amount of light absorbed, using conventional means, yields the concentration of uranyl present in the sample fluid. The binding of uranyl on the substrate can be reversed by subsequent exposure of the substrate to a solution of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. The chemical binding process is suitable for similarly binding other indicators, such as bromocresol green.