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Chemical state
About: Chemical state is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2378 publications have been published within this topic receiving 78183 citations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used Synchrotron-based microprobe techniques to obtain systematic information about the size distribution, spatial distribution, shape, electrical activity, chemical states, and origins of iron-rich impurity clusters in multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) materials used for cost-effective solar cells.
Abstract: Synchrotron-based microprobe techniques were used to obtain systematic information about the size distribution, spatial distribution, shape, electrical activity, chemical states, and origins of iron-rich impurity clusters in multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) materials used for cost-effective solar cells. Two distinct groups of iron-rich cluster have been identified in both materials: (a) the occasional large (diameter ⩾1μm) particles, either oxidized and/or present with multiple other metal species reminiscent of stainless steels or ceramics, which are believed to originate from a foreign source such as the growth surfaces, production equipment, or feedstock, and (b) the more numerous, homogeneously distributed, and smaller iron silicide precipitates (diameter ⩽800nm, often ⩽100nm), originating from a variety of possible formation mechanisms involving atomically dissolved iron in the melt or in the crystal. It was found that iron silicide nanoprecipitates account for bulk Fe concentrations as high as 1014–...
120 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the gas sensitivity of Sb-doped ZnO nanoparticles to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, toluene, xylene, acetone and alcohol, as a function of temperature, was measured, and compared to undoped Sb nanoparticles.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the chemical states in the Al2p and C1s photoelectron peaks displaying chemical shifts of + 1.2 ± 0.1 eV for A1 2p and -2.1 ± 0.1eV for C 1s with respect to bulkaluminium and graphite, respectively.
115 citations
TL;DR: Despite the wide difference in carrier properties, the apparent equilibrium solubility (AES) of IM in the ground IM-PVP mixture was predicted by solid state NMR on the basis of the relationship previously established for IM with SiO(2), indicating that AES is affected solely by the state of IM, irrespective of the carrier species, and despite carrier-dependent chemical interactions.
112 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Xray microprobe analysis was used to obtain complementary information on the composition and on the chemical state of the elements iron and phosphorus present in a Fe-P-O oxydehydrogenation catalyst.
Abstract: Combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray microprobe analysis gives complementary information on the composition and on the chemical state of the elements iron and phosphorus present in a Fe-P-O oxydehydrogenation catalyst. On the fresh catalyst iron is present mainly as Fe3+ species whereas after a typical test, which selectively transforms isobutyric acid to methacrylic acid, both Fe2+ and Fe3+ are present. Phosphorus, in comparison to iron, is not homogeneously distributed in the catalyst particles and there exists a phosphorus enrichment at the surface. Positive and negative charge balance reveal that hydrogen phosphate-like species are present in such a catalyst. This is consistent with the observation that this system is active with large amounts of water in the feed.
112 citations