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Chemical state

About: Chemical state is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2378 publications have been published within this topic receiving 78183 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results on the equilibrium pressure measurement of BaCO3 + C = BaO + 2CO reaction and the demonstration of chemical state of iron proved that decomposition-generation cycle of Ba CO3 and oxidation-reduction cycle of Fe in that reaction condition case were impossible to occur.
Abstract: The results on the equilibrium pressure measurement of BaCO3 + C = BaO + 2CO reaction and the demonstration of chemical state of iron proved that decomposition-generation cycle of BaCO3 and oxidation-reduction cycle of Fe in that reaction condition case were impossible to occur. The Chemical Reaction Model Catalytic Cycle Mechanism-CRMM does not exist at all for BaCO3, Fe, Noble metal catalysts. To call CRMM as a “principle” was obviously inappropriate. The TOF (Turnover Frequency—TOF: unit: s-1) was used to measure the activity size and life of catalyst, and it is clearly out of nothing.

2 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: In this article, the results on the I-III-VI 2 compounds, such as surface and crosssections of the absorbers recorded by atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are explored.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the results on the I–III–VI 2 compounds, such as surface and crosssections of the absorbers recorded by atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) In addition, the composition, chemical states, grading, and depth profile studies by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are explored by citing several examples The AFM is one of the most powerful techniques to investigate the status of surface conditions of either thin film or single crystals, which are being to employ for solar cell applications The EPMA that works on the principle of wavelength dispersive analysis of X-rays is one of the reliable analytical methods to determine the chemical composition of either thin film or minimum bulk weighing The SIMS is one of the versatile techniques to assess the distribution of the elements in the thin film solar cell structure or absorber In order to attain the chemical compositions of the layers/compounds by quantitatively, different kinds of methods have been employed in AES, such as the following: (1) utilization of published relative sensitivity factors, (2) calculation of sensitivity factor including matrix effects, (3) calibration with an Ag standard, and (4) calibration with identical ternary compounds The XPS or electron stimulated chemical analysis (ESCA) plays a vital role to estimate the composition, thickness, and in particular chemical state of the compound

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been used to elucidate the structure of copper-ion-exchanged mordenite in the calcined state.
Abstract: X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been used to elucidate the structure of copper-ion-exchanged mordenite in the calcined state. Information about the chemical state and the local structural geometry of the exchanged copper ion has been elucidated by studing the XAXES and EXAFS spectroscopy. These findings show spectral features which would be assigned to Cu(OH)2-like species at 298 K, to CuO phase at 473 K, and to Cu(I) species at 673 K. Cu(I) species is present in an amorphous-like or microcrystalline structure. It is found that N2 molecules are adsorbed strongly on Cu(I) species and give a strong absorption band at 2299 cm-1 in infrared spectroscopy. The analysis of the EXAFS for the adsorbed N2 is performed, and demonstrates that this state is a bent type.

2 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202326
202249
202184
202089
201987
201894