Topic
Chitin
About: Chitin is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6590 publications have been published within this topic receiving 253993 citations.
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TL;DR: The inhibitory activity of 24 diflubenzuron analogs in this in vitro chitin-synthesizing system is in good agreement with their toxicity to fifth instar nymphs of this species.
Abstract: The 1-benzoyl-3-phenylurea insecticide diflubenzuron is a potent inhibitor for the conversion of14C-labeled glucose to14C-labeled chitin in isolated abdomens of newly emerged adult milkweed bugs (Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas). The inhibitory activity of 24 diflubenzuron analogs in this in vitro chitin-synthesizing system is in good agreement with their toxicity to fifth instar nymphs of this species. These insecticides act quickly and directly within the integument to ultimately block the terminal polymerization step in chitin formation.
107 citations
TL;DR: The importance of chitin forms and chit inases in the plant–fungal interactions and their role in persistent and possible biocontrol is discussed.
Abstract: Chitin is the second abundant polysaccharide in the world after cellulose. It is a vital structural component of the fungal cell wall but not for plants. In plants, fungi are recognised through the perception of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to induce MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI). Chitin polymers and their modified form, chitosan, induce host defence responses in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The plants' response to chitin, chitosan, and derived oligosaccharides depends on the acetylation degree of these compounds which indicates possible biocontrol regulation of plant immune system. There has also been a considerable amount of recent research aimed at elucidating the roles of chitin hydrolases in fungi and plants as chitinase production in plants is not considered solely as an antifungal resistance mechanism. We discuss the importance of chitin forms and chitinases in the plant-fungal interactions and their role in persistent and possible biocontrol. Abbreviations ET, ethylene; GAP, GTPase-activating protein; GEF, GDP/GTP exchange factor; JA, jasmonic acid; LysM, lysin motif; MAMP, microbe-associated molecular pattern; MTI, MAMP-triggered immunity; NBS, nucleotide-binding site; NBS-LRR, nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeats; PM, powdery mildew; PR, pathogenesis-related; RBOH, respiratory burst oxidase homolog; RLK, receptor-like kinase; RLP, receptor-like protein; SA, salicylic acid; TF, transcription factor.
106 citations
TL;DR: All fungi were grown in a medium containing the following components in 1,000 ml of distilled water and cultures grown on slants of potatodextrose agar(Difco), and the pH of the contents of the fermentation flask was measured with a glass electrode.
Abstract: Fermentation methods. All fungi were grown in a medium containing the following components in 1,000 ml of distilled water: sucrose, 30.0 g; (NH4)2SO4, 10.0 g; MgSO4 7H20, 1.0 g; KCl, 0.5 g; KH2PO4, 1O.0g; yeast extract (Difco), 0.3 g;ZnSO4 7H20, 0.05 g; FeSO4 7H20, 0.01 g. The pH was adjusted to 5.8 with NaOH. Aliquots (100 ml) of the medium were placed in 250 ml wide mouthed Erlenmeyer flasks and were autoclaved at 120 C for 20 min. Inoculations were performed with cultures grown on slants of potatodextrose agar(Difco). The mycelia and spores were suspended in approx 10 ml of water containing a few drops of 0.05 per cent OT aerosol (American Cyanamid Company) to aid in dispersion of the spores, and 4 ml of the suspension was added to each of 2 flasks. Incubations were conducted at 20 or 25 C on a New Brunswick rotary shaker at 185 rpm. One of the duplicate flasks was analyzed after 4 days, the other after 8 days. Analytical methods. The pH of the contents of the fermentation flask was measured with a glass electrode. Dry wt data were obtained by mincing the growth suspensions for 15 sec in a Waring Blendor; aliquots were filtered, washed with distilled water, and dried for 24 hr at 110 C.
106 citations
TL;DR: The chitinolytic bacterium Clostridium paraputrificum strain M-21 produced 2.2 and 1.5 mol hydrogen gas from 1 mol Nacetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and ball-milled chitin equivalent to 1 mol of Glc NAc, respectively, at pH 6.0 as discussed by the authors.
106 citations
TL;DR: The mechanisms of host chitinase responses may have implications for diagnostic assays as well as novel therapeutic approaches for patients that are at risk of contracting fatal fungal infections.
Abstract: The human immune system is capable of recognizing and degrading chitin, an important cell wall component of pathogenic fungi. In the context of host-immune responses to fungal infections, herein we review the particular contributions and interplay of fungus and chitin recognition, and chitin-degrading enzymes, known as chitinases. The mechanisms of host chitinase responses may have implications for diagnostic assays as well as novel therapeutic approaches for patients that are at risk of contracting fatal fungal infections.
106 citations