Topic
Chitin
About: Chitin is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6590 publications have been published within this topic receiving 253993 citations.
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TL;DR: The composition and organization of the cell walls from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Schizosaccharomysts pombe, Neurospora crassa, and Cryptococcus neoformans are compared and contrasted as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The composition and organization of the cell walls from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Neurospora crassa, and Cryptococcus neoformans are compared and contrasted. These cell walls contain chitin, chitosan, β-1,3-glucan, β-1,6-glucan, mixed β-1,3-/β-1,4-glucan, α-1,3-glucan, melanin, and glycoproteins as major constituents. A comparison of these cell walls shows that there is a great deal of variability in fungal cell wall composition and organization. However, in all cases, the cell wall components are cross-linked together to generate a cell wall matrix. The biosynthesis and properties of each of the major cell wall components are discussed. The chitin and glucans are synthesized and extruded into the cell wall space by plasma membrane-associated chitin synthases and glucan synthases. The glycoproteins are synthesized by ER-associated ribosomes and pass through the canonical secretory pathway. Over half of the major cell wall proteins are modified by the addition of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The cell wall glycoproteins are also modified by the addition of O-linked oligosaccharides, and their N-linked oligosaccharides are extensively modified during their passage through the secretory pathway. These cell wall glycoprotein posttranslational modifications are essential for cross-linking the proteins into the cell wall matrix. Cross-linking the cell wall components together is essential for cell wall integrity. The activities of four groups of cross-linking enzymes are discussed. Cell wall proteins function as cross-linking enzymes, structural elements, adhesins, and environmental stress sensors and protect the cell from environmental changes.
427 citations
TL;DR: Methodology and analysis of physicochemical properties of these biopolymers are reviewed in terms of crustacean species and diverse characterization methodology, indicating the need for a more integrated approach for total resource utilization.
Abstract: Various procedures for preparation of the biopolymers chitin and chitosan have been developed over the years. Preparation methodology and analysis of physicochemical properties of these biopolymers are reviewed in terms of crustacean species and diverse characterization methodology. Such properties influence biopolymer functionality differing with crustacean species and preparation methods. Monitoring of the relationship between process conditions and chitin/chitosan products is needed to insure uniformity and proper product quality control. Research with chitosan derived from crawfish processing operations indicates the need for a more integrated approach for total resource utilization. Examples of value-added processing by-products, coupled with chitosan recovery, are noted.
425 citations
TL;DR: Examination by electron microscopy showed that microbial cells exposed to N-carboxybutyl chitosan underwent marked morphological alterations, which are of importance in defining the suitability of N- carboxy butyl ch itosan as a wound dressing.
Abstract: N-Carboxybutyl chitosan, a modified chitin of crustacean origin, displayed inhibitory, bactericidal, and candidacidal activities when tested against 298 cultures of various pathogens. Examination by electron microscopy showed that microbial cells exposed to N-carboxybutyl chitosan underwent marked morphological alterations. The data are of importance in defining the suitability of N-carboxybutyl chitosan as a wound dressing.
421 citations
TL;DR: In this review, various methods of chitosan extraction will be approached and compared; the importance of a new method of ecological extraction will been emphasized and several chemical modifications have been reported.
413 citations
TL;DR: It was confirmed that the nanofibers were extracted from the natural chitin/protein/mineral composites of crab shell in their original state and the N-acetyl group was not removed and the alpha-chitin crystal structure was maintained, as confirmed by elemental analysis data, FT-IR spectra, and X-ray diffraction profiles.
410 citations