Topic
Chromosome
About: Chromosome is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 17538 publications have been published within this topic receiving 660077 citations. The topic is also known as: chromosomes & GO:0005694.
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TL;DR: New models for how centromeric chromatin is established and propagated are proposed for the establishment and maintenance of centromere identity and kinetochore assembly.
Abstract: The assembly of just a single kinetochore at the centromere of each sister chromatid is essential for accurate chromosome segregation during cell division. Surprisingly, despite their vital function, centromeres show considerable plasticity with respect to their chromosomal locations and activity. The establishment and maintenance of centromeric chromatin, and therefore the location of kinetochores, is epigenetically regulated. The histone H3 variant CENP-A is the key determinant of centromere identity and kinetochore assembly. Recent studies have identified many factors that affect CENP-A localization, but their precise roles in this process are unknown. We build on these advances and on new information about the timing of CENP-A assembly during the cell cycle to propose new models for how centromeric chromatin is established and propagated.
547 citations
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TL;DR: Analysis of the sequence organization of these diverged chromosomal subsets provides a framework for considering mechanisms of generation of sequence diversity and for understanding evolutionary processes of DNA family homogenization and polymorphism.
533 citations
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TL;DR: Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) mapping was attempted using 18 cDNA clones, 14 anonymous and 4 of known function, which had been shown to have homologous DNA sequences on the group 7 chromosomes of wheat.
Abstract: Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) mapping was attempted using 18 cDNA clones, 14 anonymous and 4 of known function, which had been shown to have homologous DNA sequences on the group 7 chromosomes of wheat. The loci identified by these probes have been mapped on one or more chromosomes in this homoeologous group using linkage data derived from various F2, random inbred, doubled haploid and single chromosome recombinant populations. The maps also include three isozyme loci, five disease resistance loci, two anthocyanin pigment loci and a vernalisation response locus. The mapping data have been used to determine the extent of map co-linearity over the A, B and D genomes, the degree of RFLP variability in the three genomes and the relative efficiency of various restriction enzymes in detecting RFLPs in wheat. The strategy for future mapping in wheat, particularly the use of “alien” genomes or segments, such as that from Aegilops ventricosa used here, is discussed.
532 citations
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TL;DR: Analysis of Hi-C data and polymer modeling indicates that the Caulobacter crescentus chromosome consists of multiple, largely independent spatial domains that are probably composed of supercoiled plectonemes arrayed into a bottle brush–like fiber, and general principles for the organization and structure of chromosomes in vivo are revealed.
Abstract: Chromosomes must be highly compacted and organized within cells, but how this is achieved in vivo remains poorly understood. We report the use of Hi-C to map the structure of bacterial chromosomes. Analysis of Hi-C data and polymer modeling indicates that the Caulobacter crescentus chromosome consists of multiple, largely independent spatial domains likely comprised of supercoiled plectonemes arrayed into a bottlebrush-like fiber. These domains are stable throughout the cell cycle and re-established concomitantly with DNA replication. We provide evidence that domain boundaries are established by highly expressed genes and the formation of plectoneme-free regions, whereas the histone-like proteins HU and SMC promote short-range compaction and the cohesion of chromosomal arms, respectively. Collectively, our results reveal general principles for the organization and structure of chromosomes in vivo.
531 citations
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TL;DR: It is shown that XCAP-C function is required for both assembly and structural maintenance of mitotic chromosomes in vitro and shared structural motifs are highly conserved in a protein family, members of which have been identified recently in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
529 citations